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Tvångsvård av dementa - En lösning för att tillgodose behovet av vård och omsorg?

Nilsson, Ylva LU (2012) JURM02 20122
Department of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Frågan om en svensk reglering som medger tvångsvård av dementa har länge omdebatterats i media och varit föremål för flertalet utredningar. Så sent som den 29 november 2012 presenterade den nuvarande regeringen en lagrådsremiss innehållande förslag till en ny lag som i vissa fall tillåter tvångsåtgärder gentemot dementa inom socialtjänsten. Demenssjukdomar är vanliga och åldern är den främsta riskfaktorn. Då den svenska befolkningen blir allt äldre ökar antalet individer som utvecklar demenssjukdomar.

Den dagliga omvårdnaden av dementa kan ge upphov till svårlösta konflikter. I de fall samtycke till vård eller omsorg inte föreligger omfattas dementa idag i princip inte av någon av de svenska tvångsvårdslagstiftningarna. Bristen på... (More)
Frågan om en svensk reglering som medger tvångsvård av dementa har länge omdebatterats i media och varit föremål för flertalet utredningar. Så sent som den 29 november 2012 presenterade den nuvarande regeringen en lagrådsremiss innehållande förslag till en ny lag som i vissa fall tillåter tvångsåtgärder gentemot dementa inom socialtjänsten. Demenssjukdomar är vanliga och åldern är den främsta riskfaktorn. Då den svenska befolkningen blir allt äldre ökar antalet individer som utvecklar demenssjukdomar.

Den dagliga omvårdnaden av dementa kan ge upphov till svårlösta konflikter. I de fall samtycke till vård eller omsorg inte föreligger omfattas dementa idag i princip inte av någon av de svenska tvångsvårdslagstiftningarna. Bristen på adekvat lagstiftning medför att personal i äldreomsorgen upplever att de tvingas välja mellan antingen lagstridiga åtgärder eller underlåtenhet att agera. Otydligheten kan medföra att dementa inte får sitt behov av en god vård och omsorg tillgodosett.

Uppsatsen syftar till att behandla en eventuell svensk reglering av tvångsvård av dementa utifrån ett rättssäkerhetsperspektiv. En komparation görs mellan de svenska bestämmelserna om vård och omsorg i SoL respektive i HSL och tvångsvårdsregleringar i Norge respektive i Danmark.

I uppsatsen dras följande slutsatser. Dementas tillgång till och utformning av vård och omsorg styrs idag primärt av SoL och HSL. Båda lagarna bygger på frivillighet från den enskilde. I den mån en dement person motsätter sig vård- och omsorgsinsatser framstår de rättsliga förutsättningarna för personalen att agera som otydliga. Det kan därför ifrågasättas om bestämmelserna i SoL och HSL i praktiken är tillräckliga för att tillgodose dementas behov av vård och omsorg.

Såväl Norge som Danmark har rättsliga regleringar som avser tvångsåtgärder gentemot dementa. En övergripande likhet är det gemensamma syftet att förebygga och begränsa tvångsanvändningen. Regleringarna skiljer sig dock åt på så vis att de norska bestämmelserna gäller inom hälso- och sjukvården medan de danska reglerar tvång inom socialtjänsten. Det verkar alltså finnas ett behov av att reglera tvångsvård av dementa inom såväl den sociala omsorgen som inom hälso- och sjukvården.

Eftersom socialtjänstens och sjukvårdens verksamhetsområden är förhållandevis integrerade i förhållande till gruppen dementa borde en svensk reglering av tvångsanvändning rimligen täcka in båda verksamhetsfälten. Annars finns risk för att glapp uppstår där verksamheterna överlappar varandra. Det vore olyckligt om olika regler och förhållningssätt skulle gälla gentemot en dement person beroende på om hon befinner sig i ett särskilt boende eller på ett sjukhus.

Det finns inget enkelt svar på frågan om en reglering av tvångsvård av dementa kan överensstämma med idén om materiell rättssäkerhet. Olika argument för och emot en sådan reglering måste kontinuerligt vägas mot varandra.

Vård- och behandlingsåtgärder som vidtas i syfte att värna den dementes liv och hälsa kan samtidigt medföra en kränkning av hennes självbestämmanderätt. En tvångsvårdslagstiftning kan ha ett i grunden gott syfte och i teorin framstå som lämplig, men det kan i praktiken vara svårt att verkställa det goda syftet. Det är därför viktigt att krav ställs på genomförandet av regleringen. För att uppnå materiell rättssäkerhet för dementa måste en avvägning göras mellan å ena sidan individens självbestämmanderätt, å andra sidan samhällets behov av att skydda personen själv mot skada.
En välgenomtänkt och restriktiv lagstiftning, som under tydligt angivna förutsättningar medger vissa former av tvångsåtgärder utförda av kompetent personal, framstår som en rimlig lösning. Regleringen måste dock vara kringgärdad av välavvägda rättssäkerhetsgarantier och syftet med regleringen måste vara tydligt. Det är också väsentligt att det finns tillräckligt med resurser. Dessutom krävs noggrann dokumentation, kontinuerlig uppföljning och utvärdering av hur reglerna används och vilka konsekvenserna blir för de enskilda individerna. (Less)
Abstract
The issue of a Swedish regulation which permits compulsory treatment of individuals suffering from dementia has been the subject of several investigations during the last three decades. In November 2012, the Swedish government presented a referral to the Council on Legislation containing proposals for a new law that in some cases allow coercive measures against individuals suffering from dementia in social services. Dementia is a common disease and age is the main risk factor. Since the Swedish population is aging, the number of individuals who develop dementia is increasing.

The daily care of individuals suffering from dementia can lead to difficult conflicts. In cases where a person suffering from dementia doesn’t consent to treatment... (More)
The issue of a Swedish regulation which permits compulsory treatment of individuals suffering from dementia has been the subject of several investigations during the last three decades. In November 2012, the Swedish government presented a referral to the Council on Legislation containing proposals for a new law that in some cases allow coercive measures against individuals suffering from dementia in social services. Dementia is a common disease and age is the main risk factor. Since the Swedish population is aging, the number of individuals who develop dementia is increasing.

The daily care of individuals suffering from dementia can lead to difficult conflicts. In cases where a person suffering from dementia doesn’t consent to treatment or care, none of the Swedish compulsory care legislations are generally applicable. Lack of adequate legislation means that staff in elderly care experience that they are forced to choose between either unlawful actions or failure to act. The lack of clarity can lead to situations where individuals suffering from dementia don’t get their need of a good health care met.

The essay seeks to address a possible Swedish regulation of compulsory treatment of people suffering from dementia from a rule of law perspective. A comparison is made between the Swedish provisions on health and social care in SoL and in HSL and the corresponding Norwegian and Danish regulations dealing with compulsory treatment in health and social care.

The following conclusions are drawn. At present, SoL and HSL primarily govern the access to and the design of health and social care provided to individuals suffering from dementia. Both laws are based on voluntary participation by the individual. To the extent that a person suffering from dementia is opposed to health and care interventions, the legal conditions for the staff to act appear to be uncertain. It is therefore questionable whether the provisions of SoL and HSL are sufficient to meet the needs of individuals suffering from dementia.

Both Norway and Denmark have legal regulations concerning coercive measures against individuals suffering from dementia. Both these laws aim to prevent and limit compulsory care. The regulations differ, however, in that the Norwegian rules apply in health care, while the Danish rules govern coercion in social services. Thus there seems to be a need for regulation of compulsory treatment for individuals suffering from dementia within both social services and health care.

Since the social service and health care sectors are relatively integrated in relation to individuals suffering from dementia a Swedish regulation of use of force should cover both activities. Otherwise there is a risk of gaps where operations overlap. It would be unfortunate if different rules and approaches would apply to a person suffering from dementia depending on whether she receives care in a retirement home or in a hospital.

There is no simple answer to the question of whether the regulation of compulsory treatment of people suffering from dementia can be consistent with the idea of substantive rule of law. The arguments for and against such regulation must be continuously evaluated.

Health and social care measures in order to safeguard the life and health of an individual suffering from dementia could also result in a violation of her autonomy. The good intentions of a legislation governing compulsory treatment may be difficult to enforce in practice. The application of high standards in the implementation of the rules is therefore important. To achieve substantive rule of law for individuals suffering from dementia a balance must be struck between individual autonomy and society's need to protect that person against injury.

A well thought through and restrictive legislation, which under clearly specified conditions permits some forms of enforcement action carried out by competent staff, appears to be a reasonable solution. The regulation must be surrounded with safeguards and its purpose must be clear. It is also essential that there are enough resources. In addition, thorough documentation, continuous monitoring and evaluation of policies used and the consequences for the individuals are required. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Nilsson, Ylva LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Compulsory treatment of individuals suffering from dementia - A solution to meet the need for health and social care?
course
JURM02 20122
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
socialrätt & äldrerätt/social and welfare law & elderly law sökord: tvångsvård, demens, rättssäkerhet, vård och omsorg
language
Swedish
id
3350694
date added to LUP
2013-01-29 14:40:17
date last changed
2013-01-29 14:40:17
@misc{3350694,
  abstract     = {{The issue of a Swedish regulation which permits compulsory treatment of individuals suffering from dementia has been the subject of several investigations during the last three decades. In November 2012, the Swedish government presented a referral to the Council on Legislation containing proposals for a new law that in some cases allow coercive measures against individuals suffering from dementia in social services. Dementia is a common disease and age is the main risk factor. Since the Swedish population is aging, the number of individuals who develop dementia is increasing.

The daily care of individuals suffering from dementia can lead to difficult conflicts. In cases where a person suffering from dementia doesn’t consent to treatment or care, none of the Swedish compulsory care legislations are generally applicable. Lack of adequate legislation means that staff in elderly care experience that they are forced to choose between either unlawful actions or failure to act. The lack of clarity can lead to situations where individuals suffering from dementia don’t get their need of a good health care met.

The essay seeks to address a possible Swedish regulation of compulsory treatment of people suffering from dementia from a rule of law perspective. A comparison is made between the Swedish provisions on health and social care in SoL and in HSL and the corresponding Norwegian and Danish regulations dealing with compulsory treatment in health and social care.

The following conclusions are drawn. At present, SoL and HSL primarily govern the access to and the design of health and social care provided to individuals suffering from dementia. Both laws are based on voluntary participation by the individual. To the extent that a person suffering from dementia is opposed to health and care interventions, the legal conditions for the staff to act appear to be uncertain. It is therefore questionable whether the provisions of SoL and HSL are sufficient to meet the needs of individuals suffering from dementia.

Both Norway and Denmark have legal regulations concerning coercive measures against individuals suffering from dementia. Both these laws aim to prevent and limit compulsory care. The regulations differ, however, in that the Norwegian rules apply in health care, while the Danish rules govern coercion in social services. Thus there seems to be a need for regulation of compulsory treatment for individuals suffering from dementia within both social services and health care.

Since the social service and health care sectors are relatively integrated in relation to individuals suffering from dementia a Swedish regulation of use of force should cover both activities. Otherwise there is a risk of gaps where operations overlap. It would be unfortunate if different rules and approaches would apply to a person suffering from dementia depending on whether she receives care in a retirement home or in a hospital.

There is no simple answer to the question of whether the regulation of compulsory treatment of people suffering from dementia can be consistent with the idea of substantive rule of law. The arguments for and against such regulation must be continuously evaluated.

Health and social care measures in order to safeguard the life and health of an individual suffering from dementia could also result in a violation of her autonomy. The good intentions of a legislation governing compulsory treatment may be difficult to enforce in practice. The application of high standards in the implementation of the rules is therefore important. To achieve substantive rule of law for individuals suffering from dementia a balance must be struck between individual autonomy and society's need to protect that person against injury.

A well thought through and restrictive legislation, which under clearly specified conditions permits some forms of enforcement action carried out by competent staff, appears to be a reasonable solution. The regulation must be surrounded with safeguards and its purpose must be clear. It is also essential that there are enough resources. In addition, thorough documentation, continuous monitoring and evaluation of policies used and the consequences for the individuals are required.}},
  author       = {{Nilsson, Ylva}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Tvångsvård av dementa - En lösning för att tillgodose behovet av vård och omsorg?}},
  year         = {{2012}},
}