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Treaty shopping - En otillåten skatteplaneringsstrategi?

Gunnarsson, Philip LU (2014) JURM02 20141
Department of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
För närvarande finns ett välutvecklat skatteavtalsnätverk med över 3000 tecknade avtal. Med detta följer också stora möjligheter till internationell skatteplanering. Treaty shopping är inget nytt fenomen inom internationell skatterätt men har aldrig varit lika kontroversiellt som nu.

Treaty shopping innebär att en skattskyldig organiserar sina affärer i syfte att omfattas av ett visst skatteavtal. För att omfattas av ett skatteavtal krävs hemvist i en av de avtalsslutande staterna, vilket medför att hemvistbegreppet har en central betydelse vid treaty shopping. Genom förfarandet erhåller den skattskyldige en förmån som annars inte hade varit tillgänglig. Förmånen består i att en inkomst blir föremål för en lägre beskattningseffekt än... (More)
För närvarande finns ett välutvecklat skatteavtalsnätverk med över 3000 tecknade avtal. Med detta följer också stora möjligheter till internationell skatteplanering. Treaty shopping är inget nytt fenomen inom internationell skatterätt men har aldrig varit lika kontroversiellt som nu.

Treaty shopping innebär att en skattskyldig organiserar sina affärer i syfte att omfattas av ett visst skatteavtal. För att omfattas av ett skatteavtal krävs hemvist i en av de avtalsslutande staterna, vilket medför att hemvistbegreppet har en central betydelse vid treaty shopping. Genom förfarandet erhåller den skattskyldige en förmån som annars inte hade varit tillgänglig. Förmånen består i att en inkomst blir föremål för en lägre beskattningseffekt än vad som varit fallet i avsaknad av treaty shopping-förfarandet.

Fenomenet uppmärksammades av OECD:s medlemsstater genom den av OECD publicerade rapporten Conduit Companies Report från år 1986. Indirekt har dock diskussionen kring treaty shopping funnits med ända sedan utfärdandet av kommentaren till 1977 års modellavtal. OECD har ansett att det är upp till medlemsstaterna att lösa problemet med treaty shopping i sina respektive nationella lagstiftningar. Utgångspunkten var att de inhemska motverkansreglerna skulle inkorporeras eller ges företräde i skatteavtalen. Emellertid infördes ett stadgande i kommentaren till 2003 års modellavtal föreskrivande att ett uttalat syfte med skatteavtalen är att motverka skatteflykt.

Uppsatsens övergripande syfte är att redogöra för innebörden av fenomenet treaty shopping. Hur treaty shopping kan motverkas och vilka verktyg finns därvid tillgängliga för stater ska också undersökas. Vidare syftar uppsatsen till att belysa treaty shopping med utgångspunkt i svensk skatterätt.

Treaty shopping bygger på två kolliderande intressen. På ena sidan står staters intressen av att försvara den nationella skattebasen, på andra sidan står företags intresse av att maximera sina vinster. Således finns det både argument för och emot treaty shopping. Många stater anser emellertid att treaty shopping utgör en otillåten form av skatteplanering. Som en reaktion har det etablerats gränsöverskridande samarbeten och system för att motverka att skatteavtal missbrukas genom upprättande av olika treaty shopping-strukturer. Huruvida treaty shopping utgör ett verkligt problem för skatteavtalen och skatteavtalsrätten är beroende av vilket bakomliggande intresse som företräds och vilket perspektiv som anläggs - staternas eller skattesubjektens. OECD:s medlemsstaters har på senare år intensifierat sitt arbete och i BEPS-rapporten från 2013 introduceras framtida rättsliga strategier för att motverka den här typen av skatteplanering. Vad samarbetet så småningom mynnar ut i återstår att se. (Less)
Abstract
There is currently a well-developed tax treaty network with over 3000 concluded treaties. Accordingly, there are countless opportunities for international tax planning. The concept of treaty shopping is a fairly new phenomenon and it has never been as controversial as today.

Treaty shopping implies that taxpayers arrange their affairs in order to be covered by a particular tax treaty. To be covered by a tax treaty, residence in one of the contracting states is required and therefore, the concept of residence is a major factor in treaty shopping. The process results in a benefit that otherwise would not have been available to the taxpayer. The benefit consists of an income that becomes subject to lower taxation than it otherwise would... (More)
There is currently a well-developed tax treaty network with over 3000 concluded treaties. Accordingly, there are countless opportunities for international tax planning. The concept of treaty shopping is a fairly new phenomenon and it has never been as controversial as today.

Treaty shopping implies that taxpayers arrange their affairs in order to be covered by a particular tax treaty. To be covered by a tax treaty, residence in one of the contracting states is required and therefore, the concept of residence is a major factor in treaty shopping. The process results in a benefit that otherwise would not have been available to the taxpayer. The benefit consists of an income that becomes subject to lower taxation than it otherwise would have been in the absence of the treaty shopping process.

Treaty shopping caught the attention of the OECD member states through the OECD Conduit Companies Report in 1986. However, an indirect discussion of treaty shopping has been going on since the issuance of the Commentary to the 1977 Model Convention. The position of OECD has been to leave it to the member states to solve the problem of treaty shopping in their respective national legislations. The idea was that domestic anti- avoidance rules would be incorporated or be given priority in the tax treaties. However, a provision was introduced in the commentary to the 2003 Model Convention providing that one purpose of tax treaties is to prevent tax avoidance.

The general purpose of the thesis is to explain the meaning of treaty shopping. How can the phenomenon be countered and what anti-avoidance rules are available for the states in order to do so? And how can treaty shopping be highlighted, based on Swedish tax law? Those are the three main research questions of the thesis, but other questions certainly emerge during the thesis work.

Treaty shopping is based on two conflicting interests. On the one hand, states' interests of defending the national tax base, on the other hand, corporate interests of maximizing profits. Thus, there are arguments both for and against treaty shopping. Treaty shopping is essentially an international phenomenon and has not been noticed in any significant way in Sweden. However, many states consider treaty shopping to constitute an impermissible form of tax planning. As a reaction to this, interdisciplinary collaborations and systems have been established to prevent tax abuse through the creation of various treaty shopping structures. Whether treaty shopping constitutes a substantive problem depends on the interests represented and which perspective that is taken, the states or the taxpayers. OECD and its member states have in recent years intensified their work and in 2013, the BEPS report was presented in which future legal strategies were outlined. What the cooperation eventually will result in remains to be seen. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Gunnarsson, Philip LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Treaty shopping - An impermissible strategy for tax planning?
course
JURM02 20141
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
skatterätt, internationell skatterätt, skatteavtal, treaty shopping, skatteplanering, skatteflykt, skatteflyktslagen, skatteflyktsregler, tax avoidance, GAAR, Anti avoidance rules, missbruk av skatteavtal, skatterättslig hemvist, OECD:s modellavtal, tolkning av skatteavtal, beneficial owner, BEPS
language
Swedish
id
4360517
date added to LUP
2014-04-03 07:41:52
date last changed
2014-04-03 07:41:52
@misc{4360517,
  abstract     = {{There is currently a well-developed tax treaty network with over 3000 concluded treaties. Accordingly, there are countless opportunities for international tax planning. The concept of treaty shopping is a fairly new phenomenon and it has never been as controversial as today. 

Treaty shopping implies that taxpayers arrange their affairs in order to be covered by a particular tax treaty. To be covered by a tax treaty, residence in one of the contracting states is required and therefore, the concept of residence is a major factor in treaty shopping. The process results in a benefit that otherwise would not have been available to the taxpayer. The benefit consists of an income that becomes subject to lower taxation than it otherwise would have been in the absence of the treaty shopping process.

Treaty shopping caught the attention of the OECD member states through the OECD Conduit Companies Report in 1986. However, an indirect discussion of treaty shopping has been going on since the issuance of the Commentary to the 1977 Model Convention. The position of OECD has been to leave it to the member states to solve the problem of treaty shopping in their respective national legislations. The idea was that domestic anti- avoidance rules would be incorporated or be given priority in the tax treaties. However, a provision was introduced in the commentary to the 2003 Model Convention providing that one purpose of tax treaties is to prevent tax avoidance.

The general purpose of the thesis is to explain the meaning of treaty shopping. How can the phenomenon be countered and what anti-avoidance rules are available for the states in order to do so? And how can treaty shopping be highlighted, based on Swedish tax law? Those are the three main research questions of the thesis, but other questions certainly emerge during the thesis work.
 
Treaty shopping is based on two conflicting interests. On the one hand, states' interests of defending the national tax base, on the other hand, corporate interests of maximizing profits. Thus, there are arguments both for and against treaty shopping. Treaty shopping is essentially an international phenomenon and has not been noticed in any significant way in Sweden. However, many states consider treaty shopping to constitute an impermissible form of tax planning. As a reaction to this, interdisciplinary collaborations and systems have been established to prevent tax abuse through the creation of various treaty shopping structures. Whether treaty shopping constitutes a substantive problem depends on the interests represented and which perspective that is taken, the states or the taxpayers. OECD and its member states have in recent years intensified their work and in 2013, the BEPS report was presented in which future legal strategies were outlined. What the cooperation eventually will result in remains to be seen.}},
  author       = {{Gunnarsson, Philip}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Treaty shopping - En otillåten skatteplaneringsstrategi?}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}