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LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Ord mot ordningen

Radenhem, Jenny LU (2014) JURM02 20141
Department of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Denna uppsats belyser den väsentliga utvecklingen av lagrummet 16 kap. 8 § BrB, hets mot folkgrupp, fram till 1987 ur ett kritiskt diskursanalytiskt perspektiv. Bestämmelsen sorterar under brott mot den allmänna ordningen. Lagrummet innebär ett betydande ingrepp i yttrandefriheten och uppsatsen lyfter fram de argument för och emot som föranlett dessa inskränkningar.

Diskussionen om kriminalisering av ärekränkning av vissa grupper startade i början på 1930-talet men materialiserades först 1948 i ovan nämnda lagrum som huvudsakligen var avsett att skydda den judiska gruppen, även om detta inte framgår av själva lagtexten. Denna text kriminaliserade hot, förtal eller smädelse gentemot folkgrupp med viss härstamning eller trosbekännelse som... (More)
Denna uppsats belyser den väsentliga utvecklingen av lagrummet 16 kap. 8 § BrB, hets mot folkgrupp, fram till 1987 ur ett kritiskt diskursanalytiskt perspektiv. Bestämmelsen sorterar under brott mot den allmänna ordningen. Lagrummet innebär ett betydande ingrepp i yttrandefriheten och uppsatsen lyfter fram de argument för och emot som föranlett dessa inskränkningar.

Diskussionen om kriminalisering av ärekränkning av vissa grupper startade i början på 1930-talet men materialiserades först 1948 i ovan nämnda lagrum som huvudsakligen var avsett att skydda den judiska gruppen, även om detta inte framgår av själva lagtexten. Denna text kriminaliserade hot, förtal eller smädelse gentemot folkgrupp med viss härstamning eller trosbekännelse som riktats till offentligheten. Lagstiftningen föregicks av omfattande diskussioner om faran med att ge vissa grupper av befolkningen en otillbörlig privilegierad ställning som gjorde dem immuna mot kritik. Likaså framfördes invändningar om ingrepp i yttrandefriheten och den fria politiska debatten. Efter andra världskriget, Förintelsens trauma och åtföljande skuldkänslor samt påtryckningar från utlandet försvann emellertid allt motstånd. Rubriceringen löd hets mot folkgrupp, vilket redan då innebar en språklig tillspetsning av lagrummets faktiska innehåll.

En genomgripande förändring av lagrummet med skärpning av samtliga rekvisit skedde 1970 under en socialdemokratisk regering med egen majoritet, även om skärpningen också stöddes av Vänsterpartiet Kommunisterna. Förändringen motiverades med hänvisning till FN:s Internationella konvention om avskaffande av alla former av rasdiskriminering 1965 som Sverige anslutit sig till och en ökad invandring. Denna konvention var utarbetad i skuggan av andra världskrigets trauma, tillika Medborgarrörelsen i USA och föreskrev förbud mot negativa yttranden gentemot grupper med anspelning på ras, hudfärg, etnicitet, nationalitet och trosuppfattning. Ett försök 1982 av icke socialistiska partier att precisera och mildra brottsbeskrivningen misslyckades. I stället utökades skyddsobjektet att inkludera invandrare i allmänhet utan närmare specificering uttryckt som annan sådan grupp. Nästa förändring 1987 gällde spridningsrekvisitet som omfattade även privata samtal med undantag för den helt intima sfären med hänvisning till FN:s rasdiskriminerings-konvention och under förevändning att förhindra rasideologiska organisationers verksamhet utan att direkt förbjuda dem.

Bestämmelsen om hets mot folkgrupp har alltmer avlägsnat sig från sin rubricering och omfattar även missaktning mot skyddsobjektet. En rubricering som är skarpare än lagtextens faktiska innehåll visar att lagstiftarens syfte är att särskilt brännmärka förövarna. Det vaga begreppet ”missaktning” har också varit föremål för kritik från de icke socialistiska partierna. Gradvis accepterade dessa dock förändringarna i enlighet med den s.k. grodmetaforen. På så sätt utgör bestämmelsen även ett åsiktsreglerande lagrum för att överensstämma med rådande samhällsmoralisk konsensus och diskurs. Vidare ramar av lagrummet ges emellertid enligt bedömningar i TF och YGL som reglerar media och konstyttringar med hänvisning till så kallat historiska skäl.

Lagrummet har genom sitt vaga innehåll och tillspetsade formulering påverkat det semantiska innehållet i begrepp som hets och rasism med inflatoriskt resultat. (Less)
Abstract
This essay discusses the essential development of the section of 16 ch. 8 § in the Swedish Criminal Law, incitement of hatred against ethnic groups, until 1987 from a critical discourse analysis point of view. The article is classified as a crime against public order. The section entails a considerable restriction of freedom of speech and the essay highlights arguments for and against these changes.

The discussion on criminalization of defamation of certain groups of people started at the beginning of the 1930s but resulted in legislation as late as in 1948, chiefly with the aim of protection against anti-Semitism, although this cannot be seen in the actual text itself. The words of the article criminalized threats, defamation and words... (More)
This essay discusses the essential development of the section of 16 ch. 8 § in the Swedish Criminal Law, incitement of hatred against ethnic groups, until 1987 from a critical discourse analysis point of view. The article is classified as a crime against public order. The section entails a considerable restriction of freedom of speech and the essay highlights arguments for and against these changes.

The discussion on criminalization of defamation of certain groups of people started at the beginning of the 1930s but resulted in legislation as late as in 1948, chiefly with the aim of protection against anti-Semitism, although this cannot be seen in the actual text itself. The words of the article criminalized threats, defamation and words of abuse towards groups of people of certain origin and creed directed at a public audience. The legislation was preceded by extensive debates on the risk of giving certain groups of the population undue privileges which made them immune from criticism. Objections against restrictions on the freedom of speech and the free political debate were also raised. However, after WW2, the trauma of the Holocaust and subsequent feelings of guilt as well as pressure from other countries, all resistance vanished. The crime was labelled incitement of hatred against ethnic groups, something which also at that point in time was an incisive wording in view of the actual content of the article.

A considerable change of the legislation occurred in 1970 resulting in all the prerequisites of the crime being made more stringent. The tightening of the prerequisites was made by the Social Democrats who were in the majority in their own right albeit also supported by the Communists. The change was motivated by a reference to the United Nations’ International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 1965 as well as an ongoing ever increasing immigration. The legislation of 1970 criminalized depreciatory utterances on identifiable groups based on race, colour, ethnicity, nationality or creed. An attempt of the non-Socialist parties in 1982 to make the wording of the crime more precise and exchange the vague concept of “disrespect” failed. Instead, the protected groups were extended by inclusion of immigrants in general, expressed as other such group. The next change in 1987 concerned the prerequisite of the spreading of the depreciatory utterance which then also was to include private conversations with the exception of the very intimate sphere alone. Again, a reference was made to the United Nations’ Convention but also with the pretext of preventing the activities of racist organisations without actually having to criminalize their existence.

The crime, labelled incitement of hatred against ethnic groups, has become more and more distanced from the actual content over the years. The non-Socialist parties objected initially to the vague wording of disrespect but accepted it gradually in accordance with the so-called frog metaphor. Today, the article also includes criminalization of disrespect, i.e. negative utterances about the selected groups that are to be protected. Thus, it may be maintained that the purpose of the legislator is to ban and stigmatize certain opinions rather than protect the public order with the aim of making people confirm with the prevailing morals of society and the domineering discourse. However, the room for freedom of expression is wider if the same utterances are judged according to the Freedom of the Press Act (TF) or the Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression (YGL) with a reference to so called historical reasons.

The article criminalizing incitement of hatred against ethnic groups has through its vague content, incisive name and extensive interpretation affected the semantic content of concepts such as incitement of hatred of ethnic groups and racism with inflationary results. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Radenhem, Jenny LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Words against public order
course
JURM02 20141
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Statsrätt
language
Swedish
id
4449205
date added to LUP
2014-06-12 08:59:03
date last changed
2014-06-12 08:59:03
@misc{4449205,
  abstract     = {{This essay discusses the essential development of the section of 16 ch. 8 § in the Swedish Criminal Law, incitement of hatred against ethnic groups, until 1987 from a critical discourse analysis point of view. The article is classified as a crime against public order. The section entails a considerable restriction of freedom of speech and the essay highlights arguments for and against these changes.

The discussion on criminalization of defamation of certain groups of people started at the beginning of the 1930s but resulted in legislation as late as in 1948, chiefly with the aim of protection against anti-Semitism, although this cannot be seen in the actual text itself. The words of the article criminalized threats, defamation and words of abuse towards groups of people of certain origin and creed directed at a public audience. The legislation was preceded by extensive debates on the risk of giving certain groups of the population undue privileges which made them immune from criticism. Objections against restrictions on the freedom of speech and the free political debate were also raised. However, after WW2, the trauma of the Holocaust and subsequent feelings of guilt as well as pressure from other countries, all resistance vanished. The crime was labelled incitement of hatred against ethnic groups, something which also at that point in time was an incisive wording in view of the actual content of the article.

A considerable change of the legislation occurred in 1970 resulting in all the prerequisites of the crime being made more stringent. The tightening of the prerequisites was made by the Social Democrats who were in the majority in their own right albeit also supported by the Communists. The change was motivated by a reference to the United Nations’ International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 1965 as well as an ongoing ever increasing immigration. The legislation of 1970 criminalized depreciatory utterances on identifiable groups based on race, colour, ethnicity, nationality or creed. An attempt of the non-Socialist parties in 1982 to make the wording of the crime more precise and exchange the vague concept of “disrespect” failed. Instead, the protected groups were extended by inclusion of immigrants in general, expressed as other such group. The next change in 1987 concerned the prerequisite of the spreading of the depreciatory utterance which then also was to include private conversations with the exception of the very intimate sphere alone. Again, a reference was made to the United Nations’ Convention but also with the pretext of preventing the activities of racist organisations without actually having to criminalize their existence.

The crime, labelled incitement of hatred against ethnic groups, has become more and more distanced from the actual content over the years. The non-Socialist parties objected initially to the vague wording of disrespect but accepted it gradually in accordance with the so-called frog metaphor. Today, the article also includes criminalization of disrespect, i.e. negative utterances about the selected groups that are to be protected. Thus, it may be maintained that the purpose of the legislator is to ban and stigmatize certain opinions rather than protect the public order with the aim of making people confirm with the prevailing morals of society and the domineering discourse. However, the room for freedom of expression is wider if the same utterances are judged according to the Freedom of the Press Act (TF) or the Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression (YGL) with a reference to so called historical reasons.

The article criminalizing incitement of hatred against ethnic groups has through its vague content, incisive name and extensive interpretation affected the semantic content of concepts such as incitement of hatred of ethnic groups and racism with inflationary results.}},
  author       = {{Radenhem, Jenny}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Ord mot ordningen}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}