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Spurring Climate Change Action Beyond External Borders - A study of legal measures available to the EU to exert pressure on Canada to pursue climate change action in times of international institutional failure

Lundahl, Lena LU (2014) JURM02 20141
Department of Law
Abstract
Climate change is one of today’s major challenges; a challenge with significant consequences that will affect all countries in different ways if a way to combat global warming by stabilizing greenhouse gas emissions cannot be agreed on. A global problem calls for an international response; however, the international climate regime has failed to deliver adequate results. Currently, states representing a mere 15 percent of global emissions have committed to legally binding emission targets under the second compliance period of the Kyoto Protocol, and the future of international cooperation under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change remains undecided.

This thesis recognizes that it is critical that more states take... (More)
Climate change is one of today’s major challenges; a challenge with significant consequences that will affect all countries in different ways if a way to combat global warming by stabilizing greenhouse gas emissions cannot be agreed on. A global problem calls for an international response; however, the international climate regime has failed to deliver adequate results. Currently, states representing a mere 15 percent of global emissions have committed to legally binding emission targets under the second compliance period of the Kyoto Protocol, and the future of international cooperation under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change remains undecided.

This thesis recognizes that it is critical that more states take more stringent action to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases in order to stabilize the climate. The EU has come a long way with its climate change mitigation action and has, in essence, been working to substitute for other states’ inaction on these urgent issues. Canada is an example of a country that has shown poor climate performance in recent years, and its government has clearly stated that mitigation efforts cannot come at the expense of the Canadian economy. This investigation therefore focuses on what legal measures that are available to the EU to exert pressure on Canada to pursue climate change action, in the light of an international climate regime that has failed to provide sufficient incentives and efficient mechanisms to ensure compliance with legally binding climate targets.

Three different legal measures that the EU has implemented in order to spur climate change action beyond its external borders are examined in the thesis. First, secondary legislation with external implications has been used to impose requirements for access to the EU’s internal market, thus making all companies, regardless of nationality, subject to the EU’s high environmental protection standards. Second, CJEU case law in the form of the high-profile ATA case confirmed the legality of the criticized Aviation Directive, and legitimized the EU’s leadership role in climate change mitigation. Hence, if third countries want access to the EU market, they will have to accept the conditions that the EU sets up. Ultimately, the EU uses the size and importance of its internal market to make third countries take action that they would not otherwise have devoted resources to.

The third measure explored is the possibility to condition bilateral and multilateral agreements on climate change action. By using conditionality or cooperation clauses, the EU can integrate climate change concerns into its external relations in a more flexible way, and tailor demands for specific action to selected countries. For this to work, it is crucial that the agreement is of high importance to the contracting state. In the newly concluded free trade agreement between the EU and Canada, Canada has for the first time agreed to include provisions related to trade and sustainable development, as well as on trade and the environment, which is a step forward for a government otherwise reluctant to prioritize environmental protection.

In times of institutional failure of the international climate regime, a range of alternative legal measures can be used by the EU to make third countries take climate action. Secondary legislation supported by CJEU case law can target a larger group, whereas conditionality and cooperation clauses can constitute tools for achieving political goals by negotiation, such as agreeing on more stringent climate change mitigation action. All measures should, however, be complemented with effective compliance mechanisms, as it seems that environmental benefits are not great enough incentives for profit-driven companies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Klimatförändringar är en av dagens stora utmaningar; en utmaning med betydande konsekvenser som kommer att påverka alla länder på olika sätt om vi inte kan komma överens om ett sätt att motverka den globala uppvärmningen genom att stabilisera utsläppen av växthusgaser. Ett globalt problem kräver internationell respons, men den internationella klimat-regimen har misslyckats med att leverera tillräckliga resultat. Under Kyoto-protokollets andra åtagandeperiod har stater som totalt står för bara 15 procent av globala utsläpp förpliktat sig till att uppfylla juridiskt bindande utsläppsmål, och hur framtida internationellt samarbete under FN:s klimat-konvention ska se ut är oklart.

Den här uppsatsen konstaterar att det är avgörande att fler... (More)
Klimatförändringar är en av dagens stora utmaningar; en utmaning med betydande konsekvenser som kommer att påverka alla länder på olika sätt om vi inte kan komma överens om ett sätt att motverka den globala uppvärmningen genom att stabilisera utsläppen av växthusgaser. Ett globalt problem kräver internationell respons, men den internationella klimat-regimen har misslyckats med att leverera tillräckliga resultat. Under Kyoto-protokollets andra åtagandeperiod har stater som totalt står för bara 15 procent av globala utsläpp förpliktat sig till att uppfylla juridiskt bindande utsläppsmål, och hur framtida internationellt samarbete under FN:s klimat-konvention ska se ut är oklart.

Den här uppsatsen konstaterar att det är avgörande att fler stater vidtar strängare klimatåtgärder för att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser så att klimatet kan stabiliseras. EU har kommit långt i sina klimatåtgärdsprogram och har arbetat för att de ska fungera som substitut i brist på andra staters agerande i dessa brådskande frågor. Kanada är ett exempel på ett land som på senare år har presterat väsentligt sämre i sitt klimatarbete och dess regering har tydligt uttalat att åtgärder för att stoppa klimatförändringar kan inte vidtas på bekostnad av den kanadensiska ekonomin. Den här utredningen fokuserar därför på vilka juridiska redskap som EU kan använda sig av för att utöva påtryckningar på Kanada att vidta klimat-åtgärder. EU:s agerande måste ses mot bakgrund av en internationell klimatregim som har misslyckats med att skapa tillräckliga incitament och effektiva mekanismer för att säkerställa att de juridiskt bindande åtaganden som har gjorts faktiskt följs.

Tre olika juridiska verktyg som EU har implementerat för att sporra klimatåtgärder utanför dess externa gränser undersöks i uppsatsen. För det första har sekundärlagstiftning med externa effekter använts för att införa villkor för tillgång till EU:s inre marknad. På så sätt har alla företag, oavsett nationalitet, tvingats rätta sig efter EU:s höga miljöstandarder. För det andra har rättspraxis från EU-domstolen bekräftat det kritiserade flygdirektivets lagenlighet i det uppmärksammade ATA-fallet och därmed legitimerat EU:s ledarroll inom klimatfrågor. Om tredje länder vill verka i EU:s inre marknad måste de följaktligen acceptera de villkor som EU ställer upp. EU använder alltså sin inre marknads storlek och betydelse för att tvinga tredje länder att vidta åtgärder som de annars inte skulle ha avsatt resurser till.

Det tredje metoden som undersöks är möjligheten att villkora bilaterala och multilaterala avtal av att klimatåtgärder vidtas. Genom att använda villkors- eller samarbetsklausuler kan EU integrera klimatangelägenheter i sina externa relationer på ett mer flexibelt sätt och anpassa krav på specifika åtgärder till utvalda länder. För att denna metod ska fungera krävs dock att avtalet är av stor betydelse för avtalsstaten. I det nya frihandelsavtalet mellan EU och Kanada har Kanada för första gången gått med på att inkludera klausuler som rör handel och hållbar utveckling samt handel och miljön, vilket måste ses som ett framsteg för en regering som annars varit motvillig att prioritera miljöskydd.

I en tid av misslyckande för den internationella klimatregimen, finns ett antal juridiska verktyg som EU kan använda för att tvinga tredje länder att vidta klimatåtgärder. Sekundärlagstiftning, upprätthållen av EU-domstolens praxis, kan ta sikte på en större grupp medan villkors- och samarbets-klausuler kan utgöra verktyg för att uppnå politiska mål genom förhandling, som till exempel överenskommelser om strängare klimatåtgärder. Alla metoder måste dock kompletteras med effektiva efterlevnadsmekanismer, eftersom miljöförbättringar i sig inte förefaller utgöra tillräckliga incitament för att få vinstdrivande företag att minska sina utsläpp av växthusgaser. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Lundahl, Lena LU
supervisor
organization
course
JURM02 20141
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Canadian Climate Policy, EU Climate Policy, Climate Change Policy, Environmental Law, EU Law, EU-rätt, Miljörätt, Klimatpolitik
language
English
id
4449598
date added to LUP
2014-06-12 08:55:37
date last changed
2014-06-12 08:55:37
@misc{4449598,
  abstract     = {{Climate change is one of today’s major challenges; a challenge with significant consequences that will affect all countries in different ways if a way to combat global warming by stabilizing greenhouse gas emissions cannot be agreed on. A global problem calls for an international response; however, the international climate regime has failed to deliver adequate results. Currently, states representing a mere 15 percent of global emissions have committed to legally binding emission targets under the second compliance period of the Kyoto Protocol, and the future of international cooperation under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change remains undecided.

This thesis recognizes that it is critical that more states take more stringent action to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases in order to stabilize the climate. The EU has come a long way with its climate change mitigation action and has, in essence, been working to substitute for other states’ inaction on these urgent issues. Canada is an example of a country that has shown poor climate performance in recent years, and its government has clearly stated that mitigation efforts cannot come at the expense of the Canadian economy. This investigation therefore focuses on what legal measures that are available to the EU to exert pressure on Canada to pursue climate change action, in the light of an international climate regime that has failed to provide sufficient incentives and efficient mechanisms to ensure compliance with legally binding climate targets.

Three different legal measures that the EU has implemented in order to spur climate change action beyond its external borders are examined in the thesis. First, secondary legislation with external implications has been used to impose requirements for access to the EU’s internal market, thus making all companies, regardless of nationality, subject to the EU’s high environmental protection standards. Second, CJEU case law in the form of the high-profile ATA case confirmed the legality of the criticized Aviation Directive, and legitimized the EU’s leadership role in climate change mitigation. Hence, if third countries want access to the EU market, they will have to accept the conditions that the EU sets up. Ultimately, the EU uses the size and importance of its internal market to make third countries take action that they would not otherwise have devoted resources to.

The third measure explored is the possibility to condition bilateral and multilateral agreements on climate change action. By using conditionality or cooperation clauses, the EU can integrate climate change concerns into its external relations in a more flexible way, and tailor demands for specific action to selected countries. For this to work, it is crucial that the agreement is of high importance to the contracting state. In the newly concluded free trade agreement between the EU and Canada, Canada has for the first time agreed to include provisions related to trade and sustainable development, as well as on trade and the environment, which is a step forward for a government otherwise reluctant to prioritize environmental protection.

In times of institutional failure of the international climate regime, a range of alternative legal measures can be used by the EU to make third countries take climate action. Secondary legislation supported by CJEU case law can target a larger group, whereas conditionality and cooperation clauses can constitute tools for achieving political goals by negotiation, such as agreeing on more stringent climate change mitigation action. All measures should, however, be complemented with effective compliance mechanisms, as it seems that environmental benefits are not great enough incentives for profit-driven companies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.}},
  author       = {{Lundahl, Lena}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Spurring Climate Change Action Beyond External Borders - A study of legal measures available to the EU to exert pressure on Canada to pursue climate change action in times of international institutional failure}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}