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Den rättsliga regleringen av barnaga under 1900-talet - en del i civiliseringsprocessen?

Alfredsson, Emil LU (2014) JURM02 20141
Department of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Syftet med denna uppsats är att utreda hur och varför lagstiftarens inställning till och den rättsliga regleringen av bruket av kroppsaga mot barn förändrades under 1900-talet och huruvida denna förändring kan sägas vara en följd av en civiliseringsprocess. De frågeställningar som använts är följande: hur förändrades den rättsliga regleringen av kroppsaga av barn mellan år 1900 och år 1979? Hur förändrades lagstiftarens inställning till kroppsaga av barn under samma period? Kan rättsutvecklingen sägas vara en följd av civiliseringsprocessen enligt Jarricks och Söderbergs utveckling av Norbert Elias’ civiliseringsteori?

Vid 1900-talets början återfanns det aganderätter av två typer - föräldrars aganderätt, innefattande denna rätt... (More)
Syftet med denna uppsats är att utreda hur och varför lagstiftarens inställning till och den rättsliga regleringen av bruket av kroppsaga mot barn förändrades under 1900-talet och huruvida denna förändring kan sägas vara en följd av en civiliseringsprocess. De frågeställningar som använts är följande: hur förändrades den rättsliga regleringen av kroppsaga av barn mellan år 1900 och år 1979? Hur förändrades lagstiftarens inställning till kroppsaga av barn under samma period? Kan rättsutvecklingen sägas vara en följd av civiliseringsprocessen enligt Jarricks och Söderbergs utveckling av Norbert Elias’ civiliseringsteori?

Vid 1900-talets början återfanns det aganderätter av två typer - föräldrars aganderätt, innefattande denna rätt härledd till andra i deras ställning, och aganderätter som låg föräldrarätten nära. I den senare kategorin var skolaga, husaga och aga inom barnavården särskilt framträdande. Det förelåg vidare straffrihet för skador som uppgick till ringa misshandel om de orsakats av bruket av en laglig rätt att aga.

Under 1900-talets första 20 år var bruket av självklart. Det inskränktes endast i viss mån med hänsyn till ålder och kön. Äldre barn ansåg mindre lämpligt att aga än yngre barn. Flickor ansågs mindre lämpligt att aga än pojkar. I annat fall förutsattes korrekt utförd aga vara förbättrande för ett barn. Lagstiftningen reflekterade denna inställning.

1920 avskaffades husagan som en konsekvens av att det förhållande mellan husbonde och minderårigt tjänstefolk som låg till grund för aganderätten inte längre ansågs innehålla något uppfostringsansvar för husbonden. Skolaga avskaffades i allmänna läroverk, tillsynes före sin tid. Orsakerna var troligen en snabbare spridning av en modernare barnuppfostran i borgerligheten och flickors tillträde till allmänna läroverk.

Under 1930-talet ökade skepsisen mot bruket av kroppsaga bland pedagoger och psykologer. Aga kopplades till missbruk av lagstiftaren och inskränktes i såväl barnavården som i skolan. Under 1940-talet avskaffades barnavårdsnämnders rätt att förordna om aga. Argumenten som anfördes härför var främst att aga var ett föråldrat uppfostringsmedel. Snart avskaffades även bruket av aga av omhändertagna barn inom barnavården. En ansats till avskaffande av skolaga gjordes även, men avstannade efter hårt motstånd i lärarkåren.

1950 inskränktes föräldrars aganderätt. Lagstiftaren ansåg det nödvändigt att förtydliga att användandet av kroppslig bestraffning skulle undvikas om möjligt. Orsaken var den förändrade inställning aga som kom till uttryck i regleringen av andra aganderätter. 1957 avskaffades även straffriheten för utövad aganderätt av samma skäl. Detta ledde i sin tur till att folkskollärarnas motstånd mot ett agaförbud gav vika och ett förbud mot kroppslig bestraffning infördes i folkskolan. Under 1960-talet kom medicinsk forskning att uppmärksamma konsekvenserna av barnmisshandel och bruket av aga kopplades till detta. I riksdagen debatterades åtgärder mot barnmisshandel och avskaffande av föräldrars aganderätt blev en följd. 1979 valde lagstiftaren i ett försök att motverka barnmisshandel, styrka barns rätt och förändra det allmänna rättsmedvetandet att införa ett uttryckligt förbud mot all kroppslig bestraffning av barn. Syftet var i första hand pedagogiskt.

Det är tveksamt huruvida denna utveckling kan tillskrivas en civiliseringsprocess. Enligt Jarrick och Söderbergs utveckling av Elias’ teori är civilisering ett utslag av ett ökat ömsesidigt hänsynstagande mellan människor. Rättsutvecklingen visar på en kraftigare reaktion mot interpersonellt våld mot barn, men utvecklingen föranleddes knappast av en ökad allmän opinion mot bruket av aga. Snarare uppfattade lagstiftaren att det allmänna rättsmedvetandet var positivt inställt till bruket av aga och sökte ändra denna inställning genom förändrad lagstiftning. (Less)
Abstract
The purpose of this essay is to study how and why the legislator’s opinion on and the legal regulation of the corporal punishment of children changed during the 20th century as well as examine if it can be explained as a part of a civilizing process. The research questions are as follows: how did the legal regulation of the corporal punishment of children change between 1900 and 1979? How did the legislator’s opinion of the corporal punishment of children change during the same period? Can the development be explained as a part of the civilizing process according to Jarrick and Söderbergs elaboration on Norbert Elias’ civilization theory?

At the beginning of the 20th century there were two types of rights to the use of corporal... (More)
The purpose of this essay is to study how and why the legislator’s opinion on and the legal regulation of the corporal punishment of children changed during the 20th century as well as examine if it can be explained as a part of a civilizing process. The research questions are as follows: how did the legal regulation of the corporal punishment of children change between 1900 and 1979? How did the legislator’s opinion of the corporal punishment of children change during the same period? Can the development be explained as a part of the civilizing process according to Jarrick and Söderbergs elaboration on Norbert Elias’ civilization theory?

At the beginning of the 20th century there were two types of rights to the use of corporal punishment of children – the parental right, including the use of that right in loco parentis, and rights to the use of corporal punishment that were similar in character to the parental right. This latter category included the right of teachers to use corporal punishment against pupils, the right of masters to use corporal punishment against their under aged servants and the use of corporal punishment in public childcare. Harm caused in the use of the legal right to corporal punishment was exempt of criminal charges in so far as the harm that was caused was modest.

During the first 20 years of the 20th century the use of corporal punishment was perceived as natural. The only limitations in its use were with regards to age and sex. Older children were held to be less susceptible to corporal punishment than younger children. Girls were held to be less susceptible to corporal punishment than boys. In general corporal punishment was believed to be for the good the child, if employed correctly. The legal regulation reflected this.

In 1920 the rights of a master to the use of corporal punishment was abolished. This was a consequence of the fact that the relationship between a master and his servant had developed and no longer included the traditional paternal aspect. The use of corporal punishment in public grammar schools was abolished in 1928, a development apparently ahead of its time. The cause for this was probably a wider spread of modern ideas of child rearing within the bourgeoisie and the admittance of girls to the public grammar schools.

During the 1930’s the scepticism towards the use of corporal punishment increased among pedagogues and psychologists. Corporal punishment was linked to abuse and the legislator restricted its use in both public elementary schools and public childcare. During the 1940’s the option of childcare-boards to prescribe corporal punishment was abolished. This was motivated by the fact that corporal punishment was perceived as an out-dated method of child rearing. Soon after the use of corporal punishment on children in the custody of the public childcare was abolished as well. An effort towards an abolishment of the use of corporal punishments in public elementary schools was done as well, but halted when it faced joint opposition from the teachers.

In 1950 the parental right to corporal punishment was restricted. The legislator deemed it necessary to mark that corporal punishment of children should be avoided if possible. This stance was motivated with reference to the restrictions made in other rights to corporal punishment during the previous decade. In 1957 the exemption of criminal charges was abolished for the same reason. This in turn led to the faltering of opposition against abolishing the use of corporal punishment in public elementary schools. Consequently it was abolished there as well.

During the 1960’s the doctors began acknowledging the previously overlooked consequences of child abuse and corporal punishment was linked to it. In parliament measures against child abuse were requested and the parental right to corporal punishment was abashed. In 1979 the legislator decided to expressly forbid corporal punishment and any other offensive treatment of children, in an effort to counteract child abuse, strengthen the rights of children and change public opinion on the corporal punishment of children.

It’s doubtful that this development can be adequately explained as a result of the civilizing process. According to Jarrick and Söderbergs elaboration on Norbert Elias’ civilizing theory civilizing is an increased mutual consideration of others. The legal development shows an increased sensitivity and reaction to interpersonal violence against children, but this development cannot be said to be a consequence of an increasingly negative public opinion. Rather the legislator perceived the need for change of a public opinion in favour of corporal punishment and sought to influence it in another direction through legal measures. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Alfredsson, Emil LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
The legal regulation of the corporal punishment of children during the 20th century - a part of the civilizing process?
course
JURM02 20141
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Rättshistoria, aga
language
Swedish
id
4450710
date added to LUP
2014-07-01 07:11:05
date last changed
2014-07-01 07:11:05
@misc{4450710,
  abstract     = {{The purpose of this essay is to study how and why the legislator’s opinion on and the legal regulation of the corporal punishment of children changed during the 20th century as well as examine if it can be explained as a part of a civilizing process. The research questions are as follows: how did the legal regulation of the corporal punishment of children change between 1900 and 1979? How did the legislator’s opinion of the corporal punishment of children change during the same period? Can the development be explained as a part of the civilizing process according to Jarrick and Söderbergs elaboration on Norbert Elias’ civilization theory?

At the beginning of the 20th century there were two types of rights to the use of corporal punishment of children – the parental right, including the use of that right in loco parentis, and rights to the use of corporal punishment that were similar in character to the parental right. This latter category included the right of teachers to use corporal punishment against pupils, the right of masters to use corporal punishment against their under aged servants and the use of corporal punishment in public childcare. Harm caused in the use of the legal right to corporal punishment was exempt of criminal charges in so far as the harm that was caused was modest.

During the first 20 years of the 20th century the use of corporal punishment was perceived as natural. The only limitations in its use were with regards to age and sex. Older children were held to be less susceptible to corporal punishment than younger children. Girls were held to be less susceptible to corporal punishment than boys. In general corporal punishment was believed to be for the good the child, if employed correctly. The legal regulation reflected this. 

In 1920 the rights of a master to the use of corporal punishment was abolished. This was a consequence of the fact that the relationship between a master and his servant had developed and no longer included the traditional paternal aspect. The use of corporal punishment in public grammar schools was abolished in 1928, a development apparently ahead of its time. The cause for this was probably a wider spread of modern ideas of child rearing within the bourgeoisie and the admittance of girls to the public grammar schools. 

During the 1930’s the scepticism towards the use of corporal punishment increased among pedagogues and psychologists. Corporal punishment was linked to abuse and the legislator restricted its use in both public elementary schools and public childcare. During the 1940’s the option of childcare-boards to prescribe corporal punishment was abolished. This was motivated by the fact that corporal punishment was perceived as an out-dated method of child rearing. Soon after the use of corporal punishment on children in the custody of the public childcare was abolished as well. An effort towards an abolishment of the use of corporal punishments in public elementary schools was done as well, but halted when it faced joint opposition from the teachers. 

In 1950 the parental right to corporal punishment was restricted. The legislator deemed it necessary to mark that corporal punishment of children should be avoided if possible. This stance was motivated with reference to the restrictions made in other rights to corporal punishment during the previous decade. In 1957 the exemption of criminal charges was abolished for the same reason. This in turn led to the faltering of opposition against abolishing the use of corporal punishment in public elementary schools. Consequently it was abolished there as well.

During the 1960’s the doctors began acknowledging the previously overlooked consequences of child abuse and corporal punishment was linked to it. In parliament measures against child abuse were requested and the parental right to corporal punishment was abashed. In 1979 the legislator decided to expressly forbid corporal punishment and any other offensive treatment of children, in an effort to counteract child abuse, strengthen the rights of children and change public opinion on the corporal punishment of children. 

It’s doubtful that this development can be adequately explained as a result of the civilizing process. According to Jarrick and Söderbergs elaboration on Norbert Elias’ civilizing theory civilizing is an increased mutual consideration of others. The legal development shows an increased sensitivity and reaction to interpersonal violence against children, but this development cannot be said to be a consequence of an increasingly negative public opinion. Rather the legislator perceived the need for change of a public opinion in favour of corporal punishment and sought to influence it in another direction through legal measures.}},
  author       = {{Alfredsson, Emil}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Den rättsliga regleringen av barnaga under 1900-talet - en del i civiliseringsprocessen?}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}