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Access to Justice in Environmental Matters in the EU Member States - A study of the case law from the European Court of Justice on access to national courts for non-governmental organizations and the costs of environmental proceedings

Hjalmarsson, Karin LU (2014) JURM02 20141
Department of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Förenta Nationernas Ekonomiska Kommission för Europas Konvention om tillgång till information, allmänhetens deltagande i beslutsprocesser och tillgång till rättslig prövning i miljöfrågor (Århuskonventionen) anses vara det essentiella rättsligt bindande instrumentet för skyddet av allmänhetens miljörelaterade rättigheter. Konventionen bygger på uppfattningen att processuella rättigheter i samband med miljöfrågor kan bidra till att skydda rätten för varje person, inklusive framtida generationer, att leva i en miljö som är förenlig med hälsa och välbefinnande. Tillgång till rättslig prövning i miljöfrågor är av stor betydelse eftersom det kan bidra till att öka skyddet för allmänna miljöintressen, verkställa genomförandet av befintliga... (More)
Förenta Nationernas Ekonomiska Kommission för Europas Konvention om tillgång till information, allmänhetens deltagande i beslutsprocesser och tillgång till rättslig prövning i miljöfrågor (Århuskonventionen) anses vara det essentiella rättsligt bindande instrumentet för skyddet av allmänhetens miljörelaterade rättigheter. Konventionen bygger på uppfattningen att processuella rättigheter i samband med miljöfrågor kan bidra till att skydda rätten för varje person, inklusive framtida generationer, att leva i en miljö som är förenlig med hälsa och välbefinnande. Tillgång till rättslig prövning i miljöfrågor är av stor betydelse eftersom det kan bidra till att öka skyddet för allmänna miljöintressen, verkställa genomförandet av befintliga miljölagar, och öka miljöbesluts legitimitet. Eftersom miljön inte har någon möjlighet att själv väcka talan har det hävdats att till exempel miljöorganisationer bör ges möjlighet att ha talerätt i miljöfrågor.

Både EU och medlemsstaterna är part till Århuskonventionen, och syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka EU-domstolens tolkning av tillgång till rättslig prövning i miljöfrågor i EU- medlemsstaterna. Den första frågan som undersöks är hur EU-domstolen tolkar de nationella talerättsreglerna för miljöorganisationer. Vidare undersöks EU-domstolens avgöranden i frågor som rör de tillåtna processkostnaderna för prövning i miljöfrågor, eftersom höga processkostnader kan utgöra ett indirekt hinder för tillgången till rättslig prövning i miljöfrågor. Därutöver utreds syftet med att ge miljöorganisationer en omfattande rätt till rättslig prövning i miljöfrågor i EU: s medlemsstater. Slutligen avser uppsatsen att bringa klarhet i frågan om det finns ett behov av att EU: s lagstiftaren harmoniserar rätten till rättslig prövning i miljöfrågor på medlemsstatsnivå.

Det framgår av uppsatsen att EU:s och medlemsstaternas införlivande, och efterlevnad, av Århuskonventionen inte har varit oproblematisk. I själva verket har det funnits flera rättsliga oklarheter både vad gäller EU: s rättsordning och den interna rättsordningen i många av medlemsstaterna. Exempelvis pågick diskussioner om att utarbeta ett direktiv om rätten att få tillgång till rättslig prövning i miljöfrågor när EU blev part till Århuskonventionen, men eftersom medlemsstaterna motsatte sig detta på grund av subsidiaritetsprincipen verkställdes det inte. Därtill varierar rätten att få tillgång till rättslig prövning i miljöfrågor fortfarande i EU, och i flera av medlemsstaterna finns det ett flertal hinder potentiella klaganden måste övervinna.

Analysen av rättsfallen visar att EU-domstolen har haft ett progressivt tillvägagångssätt, och därmed spelat en nyckelroll avseende tolkningen av Århuskonventionen och relevant EU lagstiftning. Framför allt har EU-domstolen, vid tolkningen av medlemsstaternas talerättsregler för Miljöorganisation, uppmärksammat betydelsen av dessa organisationers medverkan i miljöfrågor och betonat att de bör ha vid talerätt. Gällande kostnaderna för domstolsförfaranden i miljöärenden, konstaterade EU-domstolen att kostnaderna måste prövas mot bakgrund av Århuskonventionens syfte att upprätta en omfattande möjlighet till rättslig prövning i miljöfrågor. Följaktligen kan dessa domar vidga möjligheten för miljöorganisationer att väcka talan vid nationella domstolar.

Trots detta finns det fortfarande frågor som behöver lösas avseende möjlighet att ha tillgång till rättsprövning i miljöfrågor. För att förstärka EU:s miljölagstiftning och uppnå rättssäkerhet i hela Unionen är den slutsats som dras i denna uppsats att det finns ett behov av harmoniseringsåtgärder från EU-lagstiftarens sida för att garantera rätten till domstolsprövning i miljöfrågor i EU:s medlemsstater. (Less)
Abstract
The United Nation Economic Commission for Europe’s Convention on access to information, public participation in decision-making, access to justice in environmental matters (hereafter the Aarhus Convention) is considered to be the main legally binding instrument protecting the public’s environmental rights. It is based on the idea that procedural rights relating to environmental matters should contribute to the protection of the right of every person, including future generations, to live in an environment adequate to his or her health and well-being. Access to justice in environmental matters is of significant importance as it may add to the protection of public environmental interests, enforce the implementation of existing environmental... (More)
The United Nation Economic Commission for Europe’s Convention on access to information, public participation in decision-making, access to justice in environmental matters (hereafter the Aarhus Convention) is considered to be the main legally binding instrument protecting the public’s environmental rights. It is based on the idea that procedural rights relating to environmental matters should contribute to the protection of the right of every person, including future generations, to live in an environment adequate to his or her health and well-being. Access to justice in environmental matters is of significant importance as it may add to the protection of public environmental interests, enforce the implementation of existing environmental laws, and increase the legitimacy of environmental decisions. As the environment has no voice of its own it has been argued that for instance Non-Governmental Organizations (hereafter NGOs), should be granted access to court in order to speak on behalf of the environment.

Both the EU and the Member States are part of the Aarhus Convention, and the aim of this thesis is to examine the CJEU’s interpretation of access to justice in environmental matters at EU Member State level. The first question investigated is how the CJEU interprets the national standing requirements for environmental NGOs. Additionally, the CJEU's rulings on questions concerning the allowed costs of judicial national proceedings are examined, as high litigation costs may be an indirect hinder to access to justice. Moreover, the thesis also aims to study the rational behind granting wide access to justice in environmental matters, in particular for environmental NGOs in the EU Member States. Lastly, this thesis will cast light on the question whether there is a need for the EU legislator to harmonise the right to access to justice on environmental matters.

It is clear from the examination that the EU’s and the Member States’ implementation of, and compliance with, the Aarhus Convention has not been unproblematic. In fact, there have been several legal ambiguities both regarding the EU legal order and the internal legal order of numerous EU Member States. For example when EU became part of the Aarhus convention there were discussions regarding the construction of a directive on access to justice in environmental matters, but as the Member States opposed this idea due to the principle of subsidiarity the directive was never finalized. Furthermore, access to justice in environmental matters still varies throughout the Union, and in several of the Member states there are a number of barriers potential applicants have to overcome.

The conclusion drawn from analysing the judgements delivered by the CJEU, is that the Court has taken a progressive approach and played a key role regarding the interpretation of the Aarhus Convention, and the relevant EU legislation. Of particular importance is the fact that the CJEU, while interpreting the Member States’ standing rules for Non-Governmental Organisations in environmental matters, has highlighted the role of these organisations and emphasized that they should enjoy wide access to justice. Regarding the allowed costs of environmental proceedings, the CJEU has concluded that the costs must be examined in the light of the objective of the Aarhus Convention to establish wide access to justice in environmental matters. Consequently, these judgements may increase the ability for environmental NGOs to take action in national courts on behalf of the environment.

Nevertheless, there are still issues regarding access to justice in environmental matters that need to be resolved. In order to enforce EU environmental legislation and achieve legal certainty throughout the Union, the conclusion drawn in this thesis, is that there should be harmonizing measures taken by the EU legislator in order to guarantee access to justice in environmental matters in the EU Member States. (Less)
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author
Hjalmarsson, Karin LU
supervisor
organization
course
JURM02 20141
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
The Aarhus Convention, Environmental law, EU law, Law and Political science
language
English
id
4451220
date added to LUP
2014-07-01 07:15:36
date last changed
2014-07-01 07:15:36
@misc{4451220,
  abstract     = {{The United Nation Economic Commission for Europe’s Convention on access to information, public participation in decision-making, access to justice in environmental matters (hereafter the Aarhus Convention) is considered to be the main legally binding instrument protecting the public’s environmental rights. It is based on the idea that procedural rights relating to environmental matters should contribute to the protection of the right of every person, including future generations, to live in an environment adequate to his or her health and well-being. Access to justice in environmental matters is of significant importance as it may add to the protection of public environmental interests, enforce the implementation of existing environmental laws, and increase the legitimacy of environmental decisions. As the environment has no voice of its own it has been argued that for instance Non-Governmental Organizations (hereafter NGOs), should be granted access to court in order to speak on behalf of the environment. 

Both the EU and the Member States are part of the Aarhus Convention, and the aim of this thesis is to examine the CJEU’s interpretation of access to justice in environmental matters at EU Member State level. The first question investigated is how the CJEU interprets the national standing requirements for environmental NGOs. Additionally, the CJEU's rulings on questions concerning the allowed costs of judicial national proceedings are examined, as high litigation costs may be an indirect hinder to access to justice. Moreover, the thesis also aims to study the rational behind granting wide access to justice in environmental matters, in particular for environmental NGOs in the EU Member States. Lastly, this thesis will cast light on the question whether there is a need for the EU legislator to harmonise the right to access to justice on environmental matters. 

It is clear from the examination that the EU’s and the Member States’ implementation of, and compliance with, the Aarhus Convention has not been unproblematic. In fact, there have been several legal ambiguities both regarding the EU legal order and the internal legal order of numerous EU Member States. For example when EU became part of the Aarhus convention there were discussions regarding the construction of a directive on access to justice in environmental matters, but as the Member States opposed this idea due to the principle of subsidiarity the directive was never finalized. Furthermore, access to justice in environmental matters still varies throughout the Union, and in several of the Member states there are a number of barriers potential applicants have to overcome. 

The conclusion drawn from analysing the judgements delivered by the CJEU, is that the Court has taken a progressive approach and played a key role regarding the interpretation of the Aarhus Convention, and the relevant EU legislation. Of particular importance is the fact that the CJEU, while interpreting the Member States’ standing rules for Non-Governmental Organisations in environmental matters, has highlighted the role of these organisations and emphasized that they should enjoy wide access to justice. Regarding the allowed costs of environmental proceedings, the CJEU has concluded that the costs must be examined in the light of the objective of the Aarhus Convention to establish wide access to justice in environmental matters. Consequently, these judgements may increase the ability for environmental NGOs to take action in national courts on behalf of the environment. 

Nevertheless, there are still issues regarding access to justice in environmental matters that need to be resolved. In order to enforce EU environmental legislation and achieve legal certainty throughout the Union, the conclusion drawn in this thesis, is that there should be harmonizing measures taken by the EU legislator in order to guarantee access to justice in environmental matters in the EU Member States.}},
  author       = {{Hjalmarsson, Karin}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Access to Justice in Environmental Matters in the EU Member States - A study of the case law from the European Court of Justice on access to national courts for non-governmental organizations and the costs of environmental proceedings}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}