Skip to main content

LUP Student Papers

LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Köp utan äganderätt? - En studie av den upphovsrättsliga konsumtionsprincipen och digitala filmverk

Ingves, Martha LU (2018) JURM02 20181
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Filmdistributionen befinner sig i en ny digital verklighet. Den snabba tekniska utveckling som har ägt rum de senaste decennierna har inneburit stora utmaningar för såväl filmindustrins affärsmodell som de upphovsrättsliga bestämmelser som reglerar skyddet för filmverk och dess upphovsmän. Ett exempel på en bestämmelse vars tillämpningsområde är oklart till följd av den nya distributionen av digitala kopior är konsumtionsprincipen.

Konsumtionsprincipen är stadgad i såväl 2 kap. 19 § URL som i art. 4.2 Infosoc-direktivet. Principen syftar till att finna en balans mellan två motstående intressen. På den ena sidan finns upphovsmännens intresse av att tjäna pengar på sina verk, vilket är ett viktigt incitament för fortsatt skapande. På den... (More)
Filmdistributionen befinner sig i en ny digital verklighet. Den snabba tekniska utveckling som har ägt rum de senaste decennierna har inneburit stora utmaningar för såväl filmindustrins affärsmodell som de upphovsrättsliga bestämmelser som reglerar skyddet för filmverk och dess upphovsmän. Ett exempel på en bestämmelse vars tillämpningsområde är oklart till följd av den nya distributionen av digitala kopior är konsumtionsprincipen.

Konsumtionsprincipen är stadgad i såväl 2 kap. 19 § URL som i art. 4.2 Infosoc-direktivet. Principen syftar till att finna en balans mellan två motstående intressen. På den ena sidan finns upphovsmännens intresse av att tjäna pengar på sina verk, vilket är ett viktigt incitament för fortsatt skapande. På den andra sidan finns köparens intresse av att erhålla rätten att fritt förfoga över de exemplar som han eller hon köper. Konsumtionsprincipen är dessutom viktig för den fria rörelsen av varor och tjänster inom EU:s inre marknad. Tack vare konsumtionsprincipen uppstår också många positiva effekter för såväl marknadseffektiviteten som för enskilda köpare. Bland dessa fördelar finns bl.a. bred tillgång till filmverk, skäliga priser och skydd för köparens integritet. Dessa fördelar och syften med principen är inte exklusiva för fysiska exemplar av filmverk. Värdet i att finna en balans mellan upphovsmännens ensamrätt och köpares äganderätt kvarstår i vår nya digitala verklighet. Det föreligger både ekonomisk och funktionell ekvivalens mellan analoga och digitala kopior av filmverk. Enligt den EU-rättsliga likabehandlingsprincipen bör likvärdiga regler därför gälla för fysiska och digitala kopior av filmverk. Argumenten som talar emot en konsumtionsprincip som tillämpas på digitala kopior, exempelvis behovet av underskott på marknaden för att möjliggöra en prisnivå som genererar vinst, är inte tillräckligt många eller starka för att stå emot argumenten som talar för en digital konsumtionsprincip.

Eftersom frågan om konsumtionsprincipen äger tillämpning även på digitala kopior inte har prövats i domstol är rättsläget osäkert. Det är därför nödvändigt att ta ledning i mål där närliggande frågor har prövats. Det viktigaste målet på området är UsedSoft, i vilket EU-domstolen beslutade att konsumtionsprincipen enligt direktivet om datorprogram kunde tillämpas på digitala kopior av datorprogram. I detta mål var EU-domstolen mycket tydlig med att det endast var konsumtionsprincipen enligt direktivet om datorprogram som prövades och det går inte att direkt tillämpa domslutet på bestämmelsen om konsumtion av spridningsrätten enligt Infosoc-direktivet. Många av resonemangen och slutsatserna är dock möjliga att använda även i tolkningen av art 4.2 i Infosoc-direktivet. Ett exempel på en sådan slutsats som gäller för samtliga upphovsrättsliga verk är att verk som överlåts i form av digitala kopior ska klassificeras som varor och därmed utgör spridning snarare än överföring. Ett annat sådant exempel är EU-domstolens ställningstagande emot distributörers användning av licenser istället för överlåtelser av äganderätt vid distribution av digitala kopior av verk.
Av ordalydelsen i bestämmelserna om konsumtionsprincipen följer att endast fysiska exemplar ska omfattas av principen. Detta följer även av praxis från EU-domstolen i målet Allposters.

EU-domstolen har i målet UsedSoft visat att de är öppna för en dynamisk tolkning av upphovsrätten där konsumtionsprincipens syfte måste sättas in i dagens sammanhang. För att en ändring av rättsläget ska till krävs dock att ordalydelsen ändras alternativt att konsumtionsprincipens tillämpningsområde för digitala kopior prövas i EU-domstolen. (Less)
Abstract
Film distribution has found itself in a new digital reality. The swift progress of technology that has taken place during the past decades has posed major challenges for both the film industry's business model and for the copyright laws that regulate the area. An example of a regulation whose scope is unclear as a result of the new distribution of digital copies is the principle of exhaustion.

The exhaustion principle is fixed in 2 kap. 19 § URL as well as art. 4.2 of the Infosoc Directive. The principle aims to find a balance between two different sets of interests. On the one side we find the interest of copyright owners to benefit financially from their work, which is an important incentive for further creation. On the other side we... (More)
Film distribution has found itself in a new digital reality. The swift progress of technology that has taken place during the past decades has posed major challenges for both the film industry's business model and for the copyright laws that regulate the area. An example of a regulation whose scope is unclear as a result of the new distribution of digital copies is the principle of exhaustion.

The exhaustion principle is fixed in 2 kap. 19 § URL as well as art. 4.2 of the Infosoc Directive. The principle aims to find a balance between two different sets of interests. On the one side we find the interest of copyright owners to benefit financially from their work, which is an important incentive for further creation. On the other side we find the interest of buyers to acquire ownership and the right to have free access over the copies that they buy. The exhaustion principle is also important for the free movement of goods and services within the internal market of the EU. Through the exhaustion principle many positive effects for market efficiency as well as individual consumers arise. Among these positive effects are for example a wide access to movies, fair pricing and protection of consumer integrity. These advantages and underlying purposes aren't exclusive for the exhaustion principle's application on tangible objects, e.g. DVD films. The value that lies in finding a balance between the copyright owners exclusive right on the one hand and the buyers right of ownership on the other remains in our current digital reality. There is both economic and functional equivalence between analogue and digital copies of movies. Pursuant to the EU's principle of equal treatment, equivalent rules should therefore apply to tangible and intangible copies of movies. The arguments against an exhaustion principle applicable to digital copies, for example the need of scarcity on the market to enable pricing that generates profit, are not solid enough to undercut the arguments in favor of a digital exhaustion principle.

As the issue of whether the exhaustion principle is applicable on digital copies has not been tried in court, the scope of the principle is uncertain. It is therefore necessary to seek guidance in cases where similar issues have been tried. The most important case on the subject is UsedSoft. In this case the European Court of Justice (CJEU) decided that the exhaustion principle in the Software Directive was applicable on digital copies of computer programs. The CJEU was very articulate about the fact that the Software Directive constitutes lex specialis to the Infosoc Directive and that the decision only applied to the exhaustion principle according to the Software Directive. It is therefore not possible to apply the decision of the CJEU in UsedSoft on the exhaustion principle in art. 4.2 of the Infosoc Directive. However, a great deal of the legal reasoning and conclusions of the CJEU in UsedSoft are possible to apply when interpreting the Infosoc Directive. An example of such a conclusion that applies to all copyrighted works is that when a digital copy of a work is transferred online and a change in ownership occurs it shall be classified as a good and therefore constitutes an act of distribution rather than communication. Another example is the CJEU's position against distributor's use of licenses instead of purchases when digital copies of works are distributed online as a means to avoid application of the exhaustion principle.

From the wording of the regulations of the exhaustion principle follows that only tangible objects fall within the scope of the principle. This also follows from the case law of the CJEU in the case Allposters.

In UsedSoft the CJEU showed that they are open to a more dynamic approach to the copyright law where the purpose of the exhaustion principle must be put in context of the present. However, to achieve a change in the current scope of the regulations either the wording of the provision needs to be adjusted or the question of the legal scope of the exhaustion principle on digital copies has to be tried in the CJEU. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Ingves, Martha LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
A purchase without ownership? - A study of the exhaustion principle in copyright law regarding digital movies
course
JURM02 20181
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Förmögenhetsrätt, Immaterialrätt, Upphovsrätt, IT-rätt, Konsumtionsprincipen, UsedSoft, Infosoc, Filmdistribution
language
Swedish
id
8940857
date added to LUP
2018-06-15 10:41:33
date last changed
2018-06-15 10:41:33
@misc{8940857,
  abstract     = {{Film distribution has found itself in a new digital reality. The swift progress of technology that has taken place during the past decades has posed major challenges for both the film industry's business model and for the copyright laws that regulate the area. An example of a regulation whose scope is unclear as a result of the new distribution of digital copies is the principle of exhaustion. 

The exhaustion principle is fixed in 2 kap. 19 § URL as well as art. 4.2 of the Infosoc Directive. The principle aims to find a balance between two different sets of interests. On the one side we find the interest of copyright owners to benefit financially from their work, which is an important incentive for further creation. On the other side we find the interest of buyers to acquire ownership and the right to have free access over the copies that they buy. The exhaustion principle is also important for the free movement of goods and services within the internal market of the EU. Through the exhaustion principle many positive effects for market efficiency as well as individual consumers arise. Among these positive effects are for example a wide access to movies, fair pricing and protection of consumer integrity. These advantages and underlying purposes aren't exclusive for the exhaustion principle's application on tangible objects, e.g. DVD films. The value that lies in finding a balance between the copyright owners exclusive right on the one hand and the buyers right of ownership on the other remains in our current digital reality. There is both economic and functional equivalence between analogue and digital copies of movies. Pursuant to the EU's principle of equal treatment, equivalent rules should therefore apply to tangible and intangible copies of movies. The arguments against an exhaustion principle applicable to digital copies, for example the need of scarcity on the market to enable pricing that generates profit, are not solid enough to undercut the arguments in favor of a digital exhaustion principle. 

As the issue of whether the exhaustion principle is applicable on digital copies has not been tried in court, the scope of the principle is uncertain. It is therefore necessary to seek guidance in cases where similar issues have been tried. The most important case on the subject is UsedSoft. In this case the European Court of Justice (CJEU) decided that the exhaustion principle in the Software Directive was applicable on digital copies of computer programs. The CJEU was very articulate about the fact that the Software Directive constitutes lex specialis to the Infosoc Directive and that the decision only applied to the exhaustion principle according to the Software Directive. It is therefore not possible to apply the decision of the CJEU in UsedSoft on the exhaustion principle in art. 4.2 of the Infosoc Directive. However, a great deal of the legal reasoning and conclusions of the CJEU in UsedSoft are possible to apply when interpreting the Infosoc Directive. An example of such a conclusion that applies to all copyrighted works is that when a digital copy of a work is transferred online and a change in ownership occurs it shall be classified as a good and therefore constitutes an act of distribution rather than communication. Another example is the CJEU's position against distributor's use of licenses instead of purchases when digital copies of works are distributed online as a means to avoid application of the exhaustion principle. 

From the wording of the regulations of the exhaustion principle follows that only tangible objects fall within the scope of the principle. This also follows from the case law of the CJEU in the case Allposters. 

In UsedSoft the CJEU showed that they are open to a more dynamic approach to the copyright law where the purpose of the exhaustion principle must be put in context of the present. However, to achieve a change in the current scope of the regulations either the wording of the provision needs to be adjusted or the question of the legal scope of the exhaustion principle on digital copies has to be tried in the CJEU.}},
  author       = {{Ingves, Martha}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Köp utan äganderätt? - En studie av den upphovsrättsliga konsumtionsprincipen och digitala filmverk}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}