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Den europeiska skattjakten - Tolkning och tillämpning av europeiska dubbelbeskattningsavtal i ljuset av MLI:s PPT och ATAD

Norrgård, Carl LU (2018) JURM02 20182
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
The international tax law system has for a long time been defined by its prevention of double taxation of the taxpayers. The main way in which this work has been undertaken has been the many bilateral tax agreements that exist between states today. These agreements regulate the taxation rights between two states in a case of a cross-border transaction or arrangement. In that way it is possible for the states to avoid double taxation, that is, that both states tax the same transaction.

Lately, the problem of double non-taxation, i.e. a cross-border transaction that for some reason isn’t taxed at all, in any state, has been given a greater focus in the international cooperation regarding tax law. Double non-taxation is regarded as having... (More)
The international tax law system has for a long time been defined by its prevention of double taxation of the taxpayers. The main way in which this work has been undertaken has been the many bilateral tax agreements that exist between states today. These agreements regulate the taxation rights between two states in a case of a cross-border transaction or arrangement. In that way it is possible for the states to avoid double taxation, that is, that both states tax the same transaction.

Lately, the problem of double non-taxation, i.e. a cross-border transaction that for some reason isn’t taxed at all, in any state, has been given a greater focus in the international cooperation regarding tax law. Double non-taxation is regarded as having a negative impact on a states economy, and, by extension, the global economy as a whole. Because of this, the focus of many tax agreements has shifted from having the singular purpose of preventing double taxation to preventing double non-taxation as well as double taxation.

In an attempt to prevent, among other things, double non-taxation the OECD initiated the BEPS-project with the goal of lowering tax base erosion and profit shifting. The result of this project is the Multilateral Instrument, the MLI, which aims to revise existing tax agreements in a way that will give individual states greater possibilities to tax cross-border transaction that would otherwise not be taxed at all. One of the biggest changes that the MLI will bring is the inclusion into all by the MLI covered agreements of a Principal Purpose Test (PPT) which will give an individual state the possibility to tax a transaction or arrangement that has been carried out or put in place with one of its principal purposes being getting a substantial tax benefit.

At the same time the EU is implementing the ATAD, a directive aimed at preventing tax avoidance within the EU. The ATAD includes a GAAR that works in a similar way to that of the PPT. Through this directive the member states have agreed to give up some of their tax sovereignty in favour of increasing their possibilities to prevent tax avoidance and double non-taxation.

This situation raises the question of how the European tax situation will change. The following essay aims to investigate this as well as how the two new regulations will relate to and impact each other. This is done by analysing law and case law as well as reviewing international tax agreement law in general in order to conclude what effects the new regulations will have on the international tax law system.

The case law that will be analysed is four Swedish cases, RÅ 2008 ref. 24 (the OMX Case) and RÅ 2010 ref. 112 (the Grekland Case) that deal with the relationship between internal law and tax agreements, and RÅ 1995 ref. 69 (Kenya I) and RÅ 1996 ref. 38 (Kenya II) that deal with the so called “golden rule of tax agreement law”. In addition, a European case, the Cadbury Schweppes case (case C-196/04), is analysed due to its relevance to European tax law. The former two of these cases is later discussed in the light of the MLI with the purpose of determining whether the result of these case would have been different if the MLI had been in force at the time of these cases.

The essay reaches the conclusion that the MLI and the ATAD will bring changes to the international tax law system in general and the international tax agreement law in particular. To what extent is hard to say, as the regulations have just recently been entered into force by the time of this essays completion. What can be said however is that the subjectivity of the PPT may lead to a decrease in the predictability for tax payers regarding how their actions will be taxed. At the same time individual states will have greater possibilities to prevent base erosion, profit shifting and double non-taxation. The situation is a tightrope walk where it is up to the relevant authorities to enforce these new regulations in a way that fulfils their goals without taking it to far to the detriment of the taxpayer. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Det internationella skattesamarbetet har under en längre tid definierats av en vilja att motarbeta dubbelbeskattning av enskilda skattebetalare. Det främsta sättet på vilket detta har tagit uttryck är de många bilaterala skatteavtalen som finns mellan olika stater idag. I ett sådant avtal regleras beskattningen av en gränsöverskridande transaktion eller affärsverksamhet mellan de två avtalsslutande länderna. På så sätt undviks att transaktionen beskattas i båda staterna, vilket hade givit upphov till en s.k. dubbelbeskattning.

Under senare år har frågan om dubbel icke-beskattning, d.v.s. att en gränsöverskridande transaktion eller affärsverksamhet av någon anledning helt undslipper beskattning, fått större fokus i det internationella... (More)
Det internationella skattesamarbetet har under en längre tid definierats av en vilja att motarbeta dubbelbeskattning av enskilda skattebetalare. Det främsta sättet på vilket detta har tagit uttryck är de många bilaterala skatteavtalen som finns mellan olika stater idag. I ett sådant avtal regleras beskattningen av en gränsöverskridande transaktion eller affärsverksamhet mellan de två avtalsslutande länderna. På så sätt undviks att transaktionen beskattas i båda staterna, vilket hade givit upphov till en s.k. dubbelbeskattning.

Under senare år har frågan om dubbel icke-beskattning, d.v.s. att en gränsöverskridande transaktion eller affärsverksamhet av någon anledning helt undslipper beskattning, fått större fokus i det internationella skattesamarbetet. Den dubbla icke-beskattningen ses som negativt för de enskilda staternas ekonomi, och i förlängningen även den globala ekonomin.
På grund av detta har många skatteavtals fokus nu skiftat från att enbart motverka dubbelbeskattning till att även motverka dubbel icke-beskattning.

I ett försök att motarbeta dubbel icke-beskattning startade OECD BEPS-projektet med målet att minska skattebaserosion och vinstförflyttning. Resultatet av detta projekt är det Multilaterala instrumentet, MLI, vilket ämnar revidera existerande skatteavtal för att ge stater större möjligheter att tillgodogöra sig skattemedel i fall där en transaktion annars hade blivit obeskattad. En av de största förändringarna som MLI medför är att alla skatteavtal som omfattas av MLI ska inkludera ett Principal Purpose Test, eller PPT, vilket ger stater en möjlighet att beskatta i situationer där det är uppenbart att en transaktion har genomförts vilken har som ett av sina huvudsakliga syften att ta del av en skatteförmån.

Samtidigt införs i EU ATAD, ett direktiv med mål att minska skatteundandraganden inom EU. I detta direktiv finns en GAAR, en generell anti-missbruksregel, vars funktion är lik PPT:s funktion. Genom detta har medlemsstaterna givit upp en del av sin skattesuveränitet för att på så sätt öka möjligheterna för medlemsstaterna att motverka skatteundandraganden och dubbel icke-beskattning.

Dessa två händelser väcker frågan om hur den europeiska skattesituationen kommer att förändras. Denna uppsats ämnar utreda just detta, samt hur de två nya bestämmelserna kommer att förhålla sig till och påverka varandra. Detta görs genom en analys av gällande rätt och praxis samt en genomgång av skatteavtalsrätt i allmänhet för att ur detta kunna dra slutsatser kring de nya bestämmelsernas påverkan på det internationella skattesamarbetet.

Den huvudsakliga praxis som analyseras är fyra svenska fall, RÅ 2008 ref. 24 (OMX-målet) och RÅ 2010 ref. 112 (Grekland-målet), vilka rör skatteavtalens förhållande till intern rätt, samt RÅ 1995 ref. 69 (Kenya I) och RÅ 1996 ref. 38 (Kenya II) vilka handlar om den s.k. skatteavtalsrättsliga gyllene regeln. Ett EU-rättsligt fall, Cadbury Schweppes (mål C-196-04), tas också upp på grund av dess relevans för den europeiska skatterätten. De två förstnämnda av dessa analyseras sedan i ljuset av MLI för att se om utfallen hade blivit annorlunda om MLI hade varit i kraft vid tiden för domarna.

Uppsatsen kommer slutligen fram till att de nya bestämmelserna tveklöst innebär förändringar på den internationella skatterättens område i allmänhet och den internationella skatteavtalsrättens område i synnerhet. I vilken utsträckning är idag svårt att säga då bestämmelserna vid tiden för inlämnandet precis har trätt i kraft. Vad som dock kan konstateras är att subjektiviteten i PPT:n kan komma att leda till en minskad förutsebarhet för skattebetalare samtidigt som stater får större möjligheter att motverka skatteflykt och skatteundandraganden. Det är en balansgång där det är upp till de relevanta myndigheterna att tillämpa dessa nya regler på ett sätt som gör att målen uppnås utan att för den sakens skull gå allt för långt. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Norrgård, Carl LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
The European Search for Taxes - Interpretation and Enforcement of European Tax Agreements in Light of the MLI PPT and the ATAD
course
JURM02 20182
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
skatterätt, skatteavtal, multilaterala instrumentet, ATAD
language
Swedish
id
8965471
date added to LUP
2019-01-28 12:44:13
date last changed
2019-01-28 12:44:13
@misc{8965471,
  abstract     = {{The international tax law system has for a long time been defined by its prevention of double taxation of the taxpayers. The main way in which this work has been undertaken has been the many bilateral tax agreements that exist between states today. These agreements regulate the taxation rights between two states in a case of a cross-border transaction or arrangement. In that way it is possible for the states to avoid double taxation, that is, that both states tax the same transaction.

Lately, the problem of double non-taxation, i.e. a cross-border transaction that for some reason isn’t taxed at all, in any state, has been given a greater focus in the international cooperation regarding tax law. Double non-taxation is regarded as having a negative impact on a states economy, and, by extension, the global economy as a whole. Because of this, the focus of many tax agreements has shifted from having the singular purpose of preventing double taxation to preventing double non-taxation as well as double taxation.

In an attempt to prevent, among other things, double non-taxation the OECD initiated the BEPS-project with the goal of lowering tax base erosion and profit shifting. The result of this project is the Multilateral Instrument, the MLI, which aims to revise existing tax agreements in a way that will give individual states greater possibilities to tax cross-border transaction that would otherwise not be taxed at all. One of the biggest changes that the MLI will bring is the inclusion into all by the MLI covered agreements of a Principal Purpose Test (PPT) which will give an individual state the possibility to tax a transaction or arrangement that has been carried out or put in place with one of its principal purposes being getting a substantial tax benefit.

At the same time the EU is implementing the ATAD, a directive aimed at preventing tax avoidance within the EU. The ATAD includes a GAAR that works in a similar way to that of the PPT. Through this directive the member states have agreed to give up some of their tax sovereignty in favour of increasing their possibilities to prevent tax avoidance and double non-taxation.

This situation raises the question of how the European tax situation will change. The following essay aims to investigate this as well as how the two new regulations will relate to and impact each other. This is done by analysing law and case law as well as reviewing international tax agreement law in general in order to conclude what effects the new regulations will have on the international tax law system.

The case law that will be analysed is four Swedish cases, RÅ 2008 ref. 24 (the OMX Case) and RÅ 2010 ref. 112 (the Grekland Case) that deal with the relationship between internal law and tax agreements, and RÅ 1995 ref. 69 (Kenya I) and RÅ 1996 ref. 38 (Kenya II) that deal with the so called “golden rule of tax agreement law”. In addition, a European case, the Cadbury Schweppes case (case C-196/04), is analysed due to its relevance to European tax law. The former two of these cases is later discussed in the light of the MLI with the purpose of determining whether the result of these case would have been different if the MLI had been in force at the time of these cases.

The essay reaches the conclusion that the MLI and the ATAD will bring changes to the international tax law system in general and the international tax agreement law in particular. To what extent is hard to say, as the regulations have just recently been entered into force by the time of this essays completion. What can be said however is that the subjectivity of the PPT may lead to a decrease in the predictability for tax payers regarding how their actions will be taxed. At the same time individual states will have greater possibilities to prevent base erosion, profit shifting and double non-taxation. The situation is a tightrope walk where it is up to the relevant authorities to enforce these new regulations in a way that fulfils their goals without taking it to far to the detriment of the taxpayer.}},
  author       = {{Norrgård, Carl}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Den europeiska skattjakten - Tolkning och tillämpning av europeiska dubbelbeskattningsavtal i ljuset av MLI:s PPT och ATAD}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}