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Ansvarsfördelningen vid faktiska fel i fastighet: En kritisk studie av gällande rätt och frågan om behovet av en mer långtgående upplysningsplikt för säljaren

Ghavamnejad, Arash LU (2018) JURM02 20182
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
The purchase of property is a special acquisition in the sense that the quality, shape and condition of the property in general vary considerably from case to case. This may be due to many different factors, for example, where the property is located, to which purpose the property has previously been used for, how old it is, who has built its structure or what future plans exist for the property's surroundings. All of these factors can have a negative impact on the property. As a result, the application of law is more complicated and thus less predictable than other types of contract agreements. The problems that can arise when purchasing a property is that the property's negative conditions have not been discovered before the purchase by... (More)
The purchase of property is a special acquisition in the sense that the quality, shape and condition of the property in general vary considerably from case to case. This may be due to many different factors, for example, where the property is located, to which purpose the property has previously been used for, how old it is, who has built its structure or what future plans exist for the property's surroundings. All of these factors can have a negative impact on the property. As a result, the application of law is more complicated and thus less predictable than other types of contract agreements. The problems that can arise when purchasing a property is that the property's negative conditions have not been discovered before the purchase by the buyer, which can lead to a dispute several years after the conclusion of the agreement.

This thesis focuses on the property's so-called actual faults that the buyer usually wants to make the seller responsible for. The seller primarily has a strict responsibility for deviations from qualities in the property that was promised in the contract, but may also have a responsibility for such that deviates from a so-called – abstract – normal standard that the buyer has the right to expect that the property had before the acquisition. The problem for the buyer in these situations is that certain evidence problems can arise even when determining whether the property has a so-called standard deviation. In terms of defects that deviate from normal standard, the buyer is also meant to have a duty to investigate. In order for a defect to be made valid in these cases, it also presupposes that a court estimates that the buyer should not have discovered the abstract deviation even through a careful examination before the purchase. The scope of the buyer's investigation duty is tested on pure objective grounds based on an objective measure, the knowledgeable layman. This knowledgeable layman is expected to have a broad knowledge. The buyer's investigation duty has therefore become strict. Simultaneously, this is justified in many cases since the buyer is the one with the greatest interest in protecting himself from buying an affected property by significant deficiencies. However, if a thorough investigation has been carried out, it is not guaranteed that the buyer will find all the deviations. In those cases, the buyer has neglected his duty to investigate. On the other hand, if the seller knew about the existence of the fault before the purchase, it has sometimes been deemed to be due to the seller to observe loyalty and hence, an obligation to inform the buyer before the assignment. According to case law, the seller's concealment must have been reprehensible in these cases for him to have this duty. This is the case if the seller must, at least, have realized that the buyer was unaware about the fault and that its discovery was important for the buyer's choice of entering into the agreement. One can say that both the buyer's investigation duty and the seller's duty of disclosure constitute an attempt to distribute the responsibility of fault on fair grounds. One of the main purposes of this thesis is to consider that if the distribution of risk between the parties can be optimized in order to better prevent disputes and unacceptable contract results. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Fastighetsköpet är ett mycket speciellt köp i det avseendet att fastighetens egenskaper, skick och förhållanden i övrigt varierar avsevärt från fall till fall. Detta kan bero på många olika faktorer, exempelvis var fastigheten är belägen, för vilket ändamål fastigheten tidigare har använts, hur gammal den är, vem som har uppfört dess byggnad eller vilka framtida planer som finns för fastighetens omgivning. Allt detta kan ha en negativ påverkan på fastigheten och listan kan bli mycket längre. Till följd av detta blir det också naturligt att rättstillämpningen är mer komplicerad och därmed mindre förutsägbar än andra avtalstyper. Problemet som därmed kan uppstå vid ett fastighetsköp är när fastighetens alla negativa förhållanden inte har... (More)
Fastighetsköpet är ett mycket speciellt köp i det avseendet att fastighetens egenskaper, skick och förhållanden i övrigt varierar avsevärt från fall till fall. Detta kan bero på många olika faktorer, exempelvis var fastigheten är belägen, för vilket ändamål fastigheten tidigare har använts, hur gammal den är, vem som har uppfört dess byggnad eller vilka framtida planer som finns för fastighetens omgivning. Allt detta kan ha en negativ påverkan på fastigheten och listan kan bli mycket längre. Till följd av detta blir det också naturligt att rättstillämpningen är mer komplicerad och därmed mindre förutsägbar än andra avtalstyper. Problemet som därmed kan uppstå vid ett fastighetsköp är när fastighetens alla negativa förhållanden inte har uppdagats före köpet, vilket i sin tur kan medföra att avtalsparterna hamnar i en tvist flera år efter avtalsslutet.

Denna uppsats har fokuserat på fastighetens s.k. faktiska fel som köparen oftast vill göra säljaren ansvarig för. Säljaren har i första hand ett strikt ansvar för avvikelser från en standard i fastigheten som utlovats i avtalet, men kan även ha ett ansvar för sådant som på objektiva grunder avviker från – abstrakt – normal standard som köparen haft rätt att förvänta sig att fastigheten hade före köpet. Problemet för köparen i dessa lägen är att vissa bevissvårigheter kan uppkomma redan vid fastställandet av om fastigheten har en s.k. standardavvikelse. Vad avser sådant som avviker från normal standard menas köparen också ha en undersökningsplikt för. För att fel ska kunna göras gällande i dessa fall förutsätter detta att en domstol bedömer att köparen inte ens genom en noggrann undersökning före köpet borde ha upptäckt den abstrakta avvikelsen. Omfattningen av köparens undersökningsplikt prövas på rena objektiva grunder utifrån den objektiva måttstocken kunnig lekman. Den kunniga lekmannen förväntas kunna mycket. Köparens undersökningsplikt har därför blivit tämligen sträng. Samtidigt är den befogad i många fall eftersom köparen är den av parterna som har störst intresse av att skydda sig från att köpa en fastighet som är behäftad med betydelsefulla brister. Har köparen företagit en noggrann undersökning, är det emellertid inte garanterat att denne ändå inte missar vissa s.k. upptäckbara fel. I så fall har köparen eftersatt sin undersökningsplikt och får stå risken för felet oavsett dess ekonomiska följder. Däremot om säljaren haft kännedom om felets existens innan köpet har det ibland av rättviseskäl ansetts åligga säljaren att iaktta lojalitet och därmed en skyldighet att upplysa köparen om vad denne ägt kännedom om. Enligt rättspraxis måste säljarens förtigande ha varit klandervärd. Så blir fallet om säljaren åtminstone måste ha insett att köparen varit i villfarelse om felet samt att dess uppdagande varit av betydelse för köparens val av att ingå avtalet. Man kan säga att både köparens undersökningsplikt och säljarens upplysningsplikt utgör ett försök att fördela risken för fel på rättvisa grunder. Ett utav huvudsyftena i denna uppsats är om riskfördelningen kan ske på ett mer optimalt sätt än den görs idag och om lagstiftaren i så fall behöver göra lagändringar för att på bästa sätt förhindra tvister och otillfredsställande avtalsresultat. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Ghavamnejad, Arash LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Distribution of responsibilities on the property´s actual falt: A critical study of current law and the question of the need for a more far-reaching disclosure obligation for the seller
course
JURM02 20182
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Fel i fastighet, Faktiska fel i fastighet, Abstrakt standardavvikelse, Konkret fel, Standardavvikelse, Avvikelse, Köparens undersökningsplikt vid fastighetsköp, Säljarens upplysningsplikt vid fastighetsöverlåtelser, Köparens undersökningsplikt, Säljarens upplysningsplikt, Arash Ghavamnejad
language
Swedish
id
8973757
date added to LUP
2019-05-20 08:12:18
date last changed
2019-05-23 14:05:14
@misc{8973757,
  abstract     = {{The purchase of property is a special acquisition in the sense that the quality, shape and condition of the property in general vary considerably from case to case. This may be due to many different factors, for example, where the property is located, to which purpose the property has previously been used for, how old it is, who has built its structure or what future plans exist for the property's surroundings. All of these factors can have a negative impact on the property. As a result, the application of law is more complicated and thus less predictable than other types of contract agreements. The problems that can arise when purchasing a property is that the property's negative conditions have not been discovered before the purchase by the buyer, which can lead to a dispute several years after the conclusion of the agreement. 

This thesis focuses on the property's so-called actual faults that the buyer usually wants to make the seller responsible for. The seller primarily has a strict responsibility for deviations from qualities in the property that was promised in the contract, but may also have a responsibility for such that deviates from a so-called – abstract – normal standard that the buyer has the right to expect that the property had before the acquisition. The problem for the buyer in these situations is that certain evidence problems can arise even when determining whether the property has a so-called standard deviation. In terms of defects that deviate from normal standard, the buyer is also meant to have a duty to investigate. In order for a defect to be made valid in these cases, it also presupposes that a court estimates that the buyer should not have discovered the abstract deviation even through a careful examination before the purchase. The scope of the buyer's investigation duty is tested on pure objective grounds based on an objective measure, the knowledgeable layman. This knowledgeable layman is expected to have a broad knowledge. The buyer's investigation duty has therefore become strict. Simultaneously, this is justified in many cases since the buyer is the one with the greatest interest in protecting himself from buying an affected property by significant deficiencies. However, if a thorough investigation has been carried out, it is not guaranteed that the buyer will find all the deviations. In those cases, the buyer has neglected his duty to investigate. On the other hand, if the seller knew about the existence of the fault before the purchase, it has sometimes been deemed to be due to the seller to observe loyalty and hence, an obligation to inform the buyer before the assignment. According to case law, the seller's concealment must have been reprehensible in these cases for him to have this duty. This is the case if the seller must, at least, have realized that the buyer was unaware about the fault and that its discovery was important for the buyer's choice of entering into the agreement. One can say that both the buyer's investigation duty and the seller's duty of disclosure constitute an attempt to distribute the responsibility of fault on fair grounds. One of the main purposes of this thesis is to consider that if the distribution of risk between the parties can be optimized in order to better prevent disputes and unacceptable contract results.}},
  author       = {{Ghavamnejad, Arash}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Ansvarsfördelningen vid faktiska fel i fastighet: En kritisk studie av gällande rätt och frågan om behovet av en mer långtgående upplysningsplikt för säljaren}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}