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Den systematiserade prövningen av sexuell läggning - En kritisk analys av bevisprövningen inom den svenska asylrätten med fokus på flyktinggrunden sexuell läggning

Ekberg, Sofia LU (2019) LAGF03 20191
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Uppsatsens syfte är att utreda bevisprövningen för asylsökande med flyktinggrunden sexuell läggning. Fokus har varit att granska den praktiska tillämpningen och vilka värderingar Migrationsverket och migrationsdomstolarna gör när den enskilda ska bevisa sin sexuella läggning. Jag har därav granskat 12 domar från olika migrationsdomstolar, samt undersökt de bakomliggande besluten från Migrationsverket.

Uppsatsens inledande frågeställning var vad det finns för grundläggande riktlinjer för bedömningen av sexuell läggning. Vid undersökning av både nationella och internationella källor var min slutsats att prövningen är relativt oreglerad men att det finns vägledande riktlinjer. Utredningen talade för att Migrationsverket och... (More)
Uppsatsens syfte är att utreda bevisprövningen för asylsökande med flyktinggrunden sexuell läggning. Fokus har varit att granska den praktiska tillämpningen och vilka värderingar Migrationsverket och migrationsdomstolarna gör när den enskilda ska bevisa sin sexuella läggning. Jag har därav granskat 12 domar från olika migrationsdomstolar, samt undersökt de bakomliggande besluten från Migrationsverket.

Uppsatsens inledande frågeställning var vad det finns för grundläggande riktlinjer för bedömningen av sexuell läggning. Vid undersökning av både nationella och internationella källor var min slutsats att prövningen är relativt oreglerad men att det finns vägledande riktlinjer. Utredningen talade för att Migrationsverket och migrationsdomstolarna bör ta ökad hänsyn till de bevissvårigheter som föreligger inom asylrätten, då den sökande sällan har skriftlig bevisning.

Min andra frågeställning var vad Migrationsverket och migrationsdomstolarna gör för värdering av den asylsökandes berättelse och vilka teman som tillvägs mest fokus för att den enskilda ska bevisa sin sexuella läggning. För att besvara denna fråga granskades 12 domars beslutsmotiveringar efter potentiella mönster och tendenser. Bland annat var det tre teman som var frekvent återkommande: trovärdighet och självupplevd prägel, den sökandes känslor och insikt kring sin sexuella läggning och huruvida den sökande hade åberopat sexuell läggning som asylskäl i ett senare skede. Användningen av dessa teman har kritiserats då de brister i hänsyn till ett flertal olika faktorer. En sådan faktor är bland annat stigmat kring sexuell läggning och hur det kan påverka den enskildas förmåga att återge sin asylberättelse med den detaljrikedom och enhetlighet som förutsätts för att den ska upplevas som trovärdig.

Den slutliga frågeställningen var om bevisprövningen av asylgrunden sexuell läggning är rättssäker. För att angripa frågan användes Frändbergs samt von Essens tolkning av rättssäkerhetsbegreppet med stöd av förvaltningsrättsliga principer som legalitets-, likhets, objektivitets- och officialprincipen.

Med utgångspunkt i Frändbergs och von Essens tolkningar av rättssäkerhetsbegreppet är min slutsats att det föreligger brister i bevisprövningens rättssäkerhet. Det huvudsakliga ansvaret faller på den sökande att bevisa sin sexuella läggning. Tillämpningen av bevisbördan samt beviskravet är strängare än vad som är förenligt med aktuella riktlinjer och officialprincipens grundläggande innebörd. Bevisvärderingen i form av en trovärdighetsbedömning öppnar upp för godtycklighet på bekostnad av en rättssäker och individualiserad prövning. (Less)
Abstract
This essay’s purpose is to investigate the evaluation of proof for asylum seekers that fear persecution because of their sexual orientation. The focus has been to examine the practical application and what assessments the Swedish Migration Agency and migration courts make in order for the individual to prove their sexual orientation. I have therefore examined 12 judgements from different migration courts as well as the preceding decisions from the Swedish Migration Agency.

The first research question of the essay concerned what fundamental guidelines there are for evaluating sexual orientation within the frame of the asylum process. The conclusion was that the regulation is relatively scarce but that there are some directorial... (More)
This essay’s purpose is to investigate the evaluation of proof for asylum seekers that fear persecution because of their sexual orientation. The focus has been to examine the practical application and what assessments the Swedish Migration Agency and migration courts make in order for the individual to prove their sexual orientation. I have therefore examined 12 judgements from different migration courts as well as the preceding decisions from the Swedish Migration Agency.

The first research question of the essay concerned what fundamental guidelines there are for evaluating sexual orientation within the frame of the asylum process. The conclusion was that the regulation is relatively scarce but that there are some directorial recommendations for the evaluation of proof. These guidelines included certain aspects which the decision makers must take into consideration when evaluating the case, such as the general problem for asylum seekers to provide sufficient evidence.

My second research question focused on the Swedish Migration Agency and the migration courts’ evaluations of the asylum seeker’s statement, and what themes they considered to be relevant for the individual to prove their sexual orientation. In order to answer this question, the reasoning of 12 judgements were examined, looking for possible patterns and tendencies. Three main themes were identified. Firstly, credibility and self-perceived impression. Secondly, the applicant’s feelings and insight of their sexual orientation. Thirdly, the time aspect regarding when the applicant claimed sexual orientation as the cause for possible persecution and whether it was made in a later stage of the process, possibly as a deportation impediment. The practice of these themes has been criticised due to a lack of consideration to significant factors, such as shame and trauma, which can affect the individual’s ability to tell their story in such a sense that it is perceived as credible.

The final research question was whether the evaluation of proof in cases regarding sexual orientation is in compliance with the principle of legal certainty. To address this question Frändberg and von Essen’s interpretations of the term were used together with the principles of administrative law, such as the principle of legality, equality, impartiality and ex officio inquiry.

By applying Frändberg and von Essen’s interpretations of legal certainty, my conclusion was that the evaluation of proof does not fulfil the requirements of legal certainty. The asylum seeker has the main responsibility to prove their sexual orientation, which is not in accordance with the principle of ex officio inquiry. The application of the burden of proof, as well as the evidentiary requirement, is stricter than what can be seen as coherent with the relevant guidelines as well as the fundamental meaning of the principle. Consequently, as the credibility assessment is the main focus for the evaluation of proof the investigation becomes arbitrary at the expense of an individualised procedure and does not fulfil the demands of legal certainty. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Ekberg, Sofia LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20191
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
migrationsrätt (en. migration law), förvaltningsrätt (en. administrative law)
language
Swedish
id
8977165
date added to LUP
2019-09-16 10:27:20
date last changed
2019-09-16 10:27:20
@misc{8977165,
  abstract     = {{This essay’s purpose is to investigate the evaluation of proof for asylum seekers that fear persecution because of their sexual orientation. The focus has been to examine the practical application and what assessments the Swedish Migration Agency and migration courts make in order for the individual to prove their sexual orientation. I have therefore examined 12 judgements from different migration courts as well as the preceding decisions from the Swedish Migration Agency. 

The first research question of the essay concerned what fundamental guidelines there are for evaluating sexual orientation within the frame of the asylum process. The conclusion was that the regulation is relatively scarce but that there are some directorial recommendations for the evaluation of proof. These guidelines included certain aspects which the decision makers must take into consideration when evaluating the case, such as the general problem for asylum seekers to provide sufficient evidence. 

My second research question focused on the Swedish Migration Agency and the migration courts’ evaluations of the asylum seeker’s statement, and what themes they considered to be relevant for the individual to prove their sexual orientation. In order to answer this question, the reasoning of 12 judgements were examined, looking for possible patterns and tendencies. Three main themes were identified. Firstly, credibility and self-perceived impression. Secondly, the applicant’s feelings and insight of their sexual orientation. Thirdly, the time aspect regarding when the applicant claimed sexual orientation as the cause for possible persecution and whether it was made in a later stage of the process, possibly as a deportation impediment. The practice of these themes has been criticised due to a lack of consideration to significant factors, such as shame and trauma, which can affect the individual’s ability to tell their story in such a sense that it is perceived as credible. 

The final research question was whether the evaluation of proof in cases regarding sexual orientation is in compliance with the principle of legal certainty. To address this question Frändberg and von Essen’s interpretations of the term were used together with the principles of administrative law, such as the principle of legality, equality, impartiality and ex officio inquiry. 

By applying Frändberg and von Essen’s interpretations of legal certainty, my conclusion was that the evaluation of proof does not fulfil the requirements of legal certainty. The asylum seeker has the main responsibility to prove their sexual orientation, which is not in accordance with the principle of ex officio inquiry. The application of the burden of proof, as well as the evidentiary requirement, is stricter than what can be seen as coherent with the relevant guidelines as well as the fundamental meaning of the principle. Consequently, as the credibility assessment is the main focus for the evaluation of proof the investigation becomes arbitrary at the expense of an individualised procedure and does not fulfil the demands of legal certainty.}},
  author       = {{Ekberg, Sofia}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Den systematiserade prövningen av sexuell läggning - En kritisk analys av bevisprövningen inom den svenska asylrätten med fokus på flyktinggrunden sexuell läggning}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}