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Avtalsrättslig ställningsfullmakt och aktiebolagsrättslig behörighet - En utredning om utvecklingen inom ställningsfullmakten och dess förhållande till de aktiebolagsrättsliga behörighetsreglerna

Benzow, Jacob LU (2020) JURM02 20201
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Inom fullmaktsinstitutet finns olika fullmaktstyper som möjliggör rättshandlande genom att en huvudman delegerar behörighet till en fullmäktig att rättshandla för huvudmannens räkning. En sådan fullmaktstyp är ställningsfullmakten som regleras i 10 § 2 st. avtalslagen. Ställningsfullmakten innebär att en person genom sin ställning får en viss behörighet att rättshandla för sin huvudman till följd av lag eller sedvänja.

Behörighetsregler att rättshandla för en huvudman finns även inom aktiebolagsrätten där ett aktiebolags företagsledning ges en behörighet att rättshandla för bolaget. Denna behörighet tillkommer via reglerna inom aktiebolagsrätten och anses inte vara en ställningsfullmakt utan ett legalt ställföreträdarskap. Det finns... (More)
Inom fullmaktsinstitutet finns olika fullmaktstyper som möjliggör rättshandlande genom att en huvudman delegerar behörighet till en fullmäktig att rättshandla för huvudmannens räkning. En sådan fullmaktstyp är ställningsfullmakten som regleras i 10 § 2 st. avtalslagen. Ställningsfullmakten innebär att en person genom sin ställning får en viss behörighet att rättshandla för sin huvudman till följd av lag eller sedvänja.

Behörighetsregler att rättshandla för en huvudman finns även inom aktiebolagsrätten där ett aktiebolags företagsledning ges en behörighet att rättshandla för bolaget. Denna behörighet tillkommer via reglerna inom aktiebolagsrätten och anses inte vara en ställningsfullmakt utan ett legalt ställföreträdarskap. Det finns dock likheter som gör det intressant att undersöka förhållandet mellan de aktiebolagsrättsliga reglerna och reglerna för ställningsfullmakt och dess nuvarande tillämpning.

Uppsatsen syftar till att redogöra för utvecklingen som skett inom ställningsfullmaktens område och den rättsliga ställning och tillämpbarhet en sådan fullmakt har idag. Detta görs via en genomgång av dess bakomliggande regler och en redogörelse för den utveckling som skett i rättspraxis, med fokus på de två rättsfallen NJA 2013 s. 659 och NJA 2014 s. 684. HD införde genom de avgörandena den tillitsgrundade fullmakten. Uppsatsen syftar även till att undersöka hur behörighet bestäms inom aktiebolagsrätten, med fokus på den verkställande direktören, samt om de principer som kommer till uttryck i den tillitsgrundade fullmakten bör tillåtas påverka en sådan behörighetsbedömning. Detta möjliggörs genom en undersökning av gällande rätt och av syftena bakom det aktiebolagsrättsliga regelverket.

Sammanfattningsvis kan konstateras att förändringar inom ställningsfullmaktens område, med framväxten av kompletterande fullmaktstyper och tillitsprincipens allt mer framträdande betydelse, har inneburit att ställningsfullmakten erhållit en ökad tillämpbarhet. En del av denna utveckling utgörs av introduktionen av den tillitsgrundade fullmakten. HD bekräftade genom införandet av den att tredje mans befogade tillit kan ligga till grund för en fullmakt. Vid tillitsbedömningen ska dock huvudmannens insikt till tillitens uppkomst beaktas, vilket innebär att tillitsaspekten inte får ett sådant genomslag som benämningen av fullmakten antyder.

Bedömningen avseende hur långt en verkställande direktörs behörighet sträcker sig görs med beaktande av arten och omfattningen av bolagets verksamhet och den aktuella rättshandlingen. Av avgörande betydelse är rättshandlings art, dess värde och tidsomfång samt avtalsinnehåll.

Avslutningsvis dras slutsatsen att de principer som kommer till uttryck i den tillitsgrundade fullmakten inte bör tillämpas vid behörighetsbedömningen för en verkställande direktör enligt ABL. Ett skäl är de skillnader i den bakomliggande viljeförklaringen från huvudmannen som kommer till uttryck vid anställandet av en VD, jämfört med vid en anställning som föranleder en ställningsfullmakt. Därutöver talar syftena bakom det aktiebolagsrättsliga regelverket, samt det faktum att tredje man redan tillförsäkras ett visst godtrosskydd i aktiebolagslagen, emot en sådan tillämpning. (Less)
Abstract
There are different types of powers of attorney that enables legal actions, where a principal delegates authority to a representative to act on behalf of the principal. One of these is the power of attorney based on position which is regulated in article 10 paragraph 2 of the Swedish Contract Law. In this type of power of attorney, the right to act on behalf of the principal is derived from the position that the person holds, and the limits of authority are defined by law or custom.

The right to act for a principal also exists within company law where the management of a limited liability company is given authority to act on behalf of the company. This authority is not considered to be a power of attorney based on position but a right... (More)
There are different types of powers of attorney that enables legal actions, where a principal delegates authority to a representative to act on behalf of the principal. One of these is the power of attorney based on position which is regulated in article 10 paragraph 2 of the Swedish Contract Law. In this type of power of attorney, the right to act on behalf of the principal is derived from the position that the person holds, and the limits of authority are defined by law or custom.

The right to act for a principal also exists within company law where the management of a limited liability company is given authority to act on behalf of the company. This authority is not considered to be a power of attorney based on position but a right to act given directly by law. There are, however, similarities which makes it interesting to examine the relationship between the rules of company law and the rules governing the power of attorney based on position and its current application.

The thesis aims to explain the development that has taken place within the field of the power of attorney based on position, and the legal status and present applicability of such power of attorney. This is done through a review of its underlying rules and by explaining the developments of recent case law, focusing on the two cases NJA 2013 p. 659 and NJA 2014 p. 684. The Swedish Supreme Court hereby introduced a power of attorney based on trust. The thesis also aims to examine how authority is determined within company law, with focus on the CEO, and whether such an assessment should be influenced by the principles expressed in the power of attorney based on trust. This is made possible by examining existing law and the purposes behind the legal framework of company law.

In conclusion, changes within the field of the power of attorney based on position, with the emergence of additional types of powers of attorney and the increasing use of trust as a base to decide authority, has resulted in that the power of attorney based on position has been given a wider scope. One part of this development is the introduction of the power of attorney based on trust. By its introduction, The Swedish Supreme Court confirmed that the legitimate trust of third parties can in itself form the basis of a power of attorney. However, in assessing the trust, the principal's insight of the emergence of trust must be taken into account, which means that the aspect of trust will have a lower impact than what the name of the power of attorney suggests.

The assessment of to what extent a CEO has authority to act on behalf of the company is made based on the nature and scope of the company's activities and the current legal action. In such assessment, the nature of the legal act, its value, scope in time and the content of the contract is of decisive importance.

Finally it is concluded that the principles expressed in the power of attorney based on trust should not be applied in the assessment of the authority of a CEO under the Swedish Companies Act. One reason is the differences in the underlying will of the principal that is expressed in the principal's employment of a CEO compared to an employment that gives rise to a power of attorney based on position. Further reasons against such an application are the objectives behind the legal framework for limited liability companies, and the fact that third parties are already guaranteed a certain level of protection of good faith in the Swedish Companies Act. (Less)
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author
Benzow, Jacob LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Power of attorney based on position within contract law and authority according to company law - An investigation of the development of power of attorney based on position and its relationship with the rules of authority within company law
course
JURM02 20201
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Avtalsrätt, Associationsrätt, Civilrätt, Ställningsfullmakt
language
Swedish
id
9010352
date added to LUP
2020-06-16 20:18:44
date last changed
2020-06-16 20:18:44
@misc{9010352,
  abstract     = {{There are different types of powers of attorney that enables legal actions, where a principal delegates authority to a representative to act on behalf of the principal. One of these is the power of attorney based on position which is regulated in article 10 paragraph 2 of the Swedish Contract Law. In this type of power of attorney, the right to act on behalf of the principal is derived from the position that the person holds, and the limits of authority are defined by law or custom. 

The right to act for a principal also exists within company law where the management of a limited liability company is given authority to act on behalf of the company. This authority is not considered to be a power of attorney based on position but a right to act given directly by law. There are, however, similarities which makes it interesting to examine the relationship between the rules of company law and the rules governing the power of attorney based on position and its current application.

The thesis aims to explain the development that has taken place within the field of the power of attorney based on position, and the legal status and present applicability of such power of attorney. This is done through a review of its underlying rules and by explaining the developments of recent case law, focusing on the two cases NJA 2013 p. 659 and NJA 2014 p. 684. The Swedish Supreme Court hereby introduced a power of attorney based on trust. The thesis also aims to examine how authority is determined within company law, with focus on the CEO, and whether such an assessment should be influenced by the principles expressed in the power of attorney based on trust. This is made possible by examining existing law and the purposes behind the legal framework of company law. 

In conclusion, changes within the field of the power of attorney based on position, with the emergence of additional types of powers of attorney and the increasing use of trust as a base to decide authority, has resulted in that the power of attorney based on position has been given a wider scope. One part of this development is the introduction of the power of attorney based on trust. By its introduction, The Swedish Supreme Court confirmed that the legitimate trust of third parties can in itself form the basis of a power of attorney. However, in assessing the trust, the principal's insight of the emergence of trust must be taken into account, which means that the aspect of trust will have a lower impact than what the name of the power of attorney suggests. 

The assessment of to what extent a CEO has authority to act on behalf of the company is made based on the nature and scope of the company's activities and the current legal action. In such assessment, the nature of the legal act, its value, scope in time and the content of the contract is of decisive importance. 

Finally it is concluded that the principles expressed in the power of attorney based on trust should not be applied in the assessment of the authority of a CEO under the Swedish Companies Act. One reason is the differences in the underlying will of the principal that is expressed in the principal's employment of a CEO compared to an employment that gives rise to a power of attorney based on position. Further reasons against such an application are the objectives behind the legal framework for limited liability companies, and the fact that third parties are already guaranteed a certain level of protection of good faith in the Swedish Companies Act.}},
  author       = {{Benzow, Jacob}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Avtalsrättslig ställningsfullmakt och aktiebolagsrättslig behörighet - En utredning om utvecklingen inom ställningsfullmakten och dess förhållande till de aktiebolagsrättsliga behörighetsreglerna}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}