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Att veta vad andra vet - En studie om rättens möjlighet att använda sitt privata vetande i dömandet

Johansson, Hedvig LU (2020) JURM02 20201
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Domstolen har till uppgift att vid bevisvärderingen ta ställning till vad som är bevisat. Som huvudregel är det parterna som bär ansvaret för att det presenteras tillräckligt med bevisning. Enligt den grundläggande omedelbarhetsprincipen får rätten endast grunda avgörandet på sådant som förekommit vid huvudförhandlingen. Det finns dock undantag från kravet på bevisning och omedelbarhet. Domstolen får alltid beakta sådant som är allmänt veterligt. I förarbetena till rättegångsbalken stadgas vidare att en domare får beakta allmänna erfarenhetssatser, samt att en domare inte bör lita på sina egna sakkunskaper i den mån erfarenhetssatserna faller utanför detta område.

Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att undersöka under vilka förutsättningar... (More)
Domstolen har till uppgift att vid bevisvärderingen ta ställning till vad som är bevisat. Som huvudregel är det parterna som bär ansvaret för att det presenteras tillräckligt med bevisning. Enligt den grundläggande omedelbarhetsprincipen får rätten endast grunda avgörandet på sådant som förekommit vid huvudförhandlingen. Det finns dock undantag från kravet på bevisning och omedelbarhet. Domstolen får alltid beakta sådant som är allmänt veterligt. I förarbetena till rättegångsbalken stadgas vidare att en domare får beakta allmänna erfarenhetssatser, samt att en domare inte bör lita på sina egna sakkunskaper i den mån erfarenhetssatserna faller utanför detta område.

Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att undersöka under vilka förutsättningar en domare får använda sitt privata vetande till grund för ett avgörande utan att det har förts bevisning om det respektive utan att det har förekommit vid huvudförhandlingen. Detta genom att undersöka området för det allmänt veterliga och domstolens användande av allmänna respektive särskilda erfarenhetssatser vid bevisvärdering. Syftet har vidare varit att utreda vilka problem som aktualiseras i och med det nuvarande rättsläget och om det finns skäl att ändra detta. En rättsanalytisk metod har använts, där tillvägagångssättet dels varit att fastställa gällande rätt, dels att analysera rätten.

I uppsatsen konstateras att endast sådant som parterna verkligen kan antas känna till betraktas som allmänt veterligt. Vid osäkerhet får rätten inte lägga omständigheten till grund för avgörandet utan att den kommuniceras med parterna. Även om det för frågan huruvida en omständighet är allmänt veterlig inte har någon betydelse vad parterna faktiskt känner till är det i praktiken ofta parternas enighet om omständigheten som avgör om den kan läggas till grund för avgörandet utan bevisning eller inte. Eftersom det finns en risk för att domstolen gör en felaktig bedömning av vad som är allmänt veterligt finns det starka skäl för att införa ett krav på kommunicering med parterna, vilket skulle vara en rimlig avvägning mellan rättssäkerhet och processekonomiska argument.

Vad gäller allmänna erfarenhetssatser konstateras att dessa förvärvas genom livserfarenhet och ska vara allmänt kända. Eftersom de allmänna erfarenhetssatserna grundas i livserfarenhet riskerar dock dessa att vara felaktiga eller endast grunda sig i domarens personliga erfarenhet. Ett krav på kommunikation eller bevisning skulle däremot troligtvis inte gå att genomföra i praktiken utan att orsaka för stora olägenheter.

Särskilda erfarenhetssatser är inte allmänt kända utan grundar sig i sakkunskap. Huruvida en domare får använda sig av de särskilda erfarenhetssatser denne känner till är idag oklart. Förarbetena är otydliga och uppfattningen i doktrin är splittrad. Det oklara rättsläget är problematiskt. Det konstateras att det finns en risk för att domaren använder sina eventuella sakkunskaper felaktigt i dömandet. Vidare innebär ett användande av särskilda erfarenhetssatser att parterna i målet förlorar möjligheten att känna till och bemöta dessa, något som bland annat medför negativa konsekvenser i form av bristande rättssäkerhet och ökade kostnader då parterna måste överklaga domen för att kunna framföra eventuella synpunkter på erfarenhetssatserna. Det konstateras mot bakgrund av detta att domstolen inte bör få använda sig av särskilda erfarenhetssatser utan att dessa kommuniceras med parterna, vilket skulle motverka de största riskerna och samtidigt inte orsaka för stora olägenheter för domstolen. (Less)
Abstract
The court determines what has been proved in a case by an evaluation of evidence. As a main principle, the parties are responsible for presenting sufficient evidence. According to the principle of immediateness the judgement shall be based solely on the material that has been presented at the main hearing. However, there are exceptions to the requirement of proof and the principle of immediateness. For example, the court is always allowed to take circumstances that are generally known into consideration. Furthermore, it is stated in the legislative history of the Swedish Code of Judicial Procedure that a judge may consider common sense generalisations (“allmänna erfarenhetssatser”), but should not trust his or her personal knowledge beyond... (More)
The court determines what has been proved in a case by an evaluation of evidence. As a main principle, the parties are responsible for presenting sufficient evidence. According to the principle of immediateness the judgement shall be based solely on the material that has been presented at the main hearing. However, there are exceptions to the requirement of proof and the principle of immediateness. For example, the court is always allowed to take circumstances that are generally known into consideration. Furthermore, it is stated in the legislative history of the Swedish Code of Judicial Procedure that a judge may consider common sense generalisations (“allmänna erfarenhetssatser”), but should not trust his or her personal knowledge beyond the common sense generalisations.

The purpose of this thesis has been to examine if a judge may base the judgement on his or her personal knowledge, when the personal knowledge has not been proved or presented at the hearing. This is done by examining the generally known as well as the court’s use of common sense generalisations and non-common sense generalisations (“särskilda erfarenhetssatser”) in the evaluation of evidence. Moreover, the purpose has been to examine if the legal position regarding what a judge may base his or her judgement on causes any problems and if so, if there are reasons to change the legal position. To fulfil the purpose of the thesis an analytical legal research method has been used, the approach being to determine the legal position as well as to analyse the law.

The conclusion is that only circumstances that can be assumed to be known by the parties can be regarded as generally known. If the court is uncertain whether a circumstance is generally known, it may not be used without being communicated with the parties. Although the actual knowledge of the parties is irrelevant when deciding if a certain circumstance is generally known, the parties’ unanimity usually becomes the deciding factor as to whether the circumstance can be used without evidence or not. Since there is a risk that the court makes an incorrect assessment regarding what is generally known it is concluded that there are strong reasons to impose a requirement of communication with the parties. This would constitute a suitable balance between rule of law and economy interests.

Furthermore, it is concluded that common sense generalisations are generally known and obtained through life experience. Since the common sense generalisations are obtained through life experience there is a risk that these are incorrect or consist of the judge’s personal experience. However, a requirement of communication or evidence for the common sense generalisations would probably not be possible without causing too much inconvenience.

The non-common sense generalisations are not generally known but are based on expertise. Whether a judge may use this type of knowledge is today unclear. The legislative history is vague and the opinions in doctrine divided. The fact that the legal position is unclear is problematic. It is stated that there is a risk that the judge might use his or her knowledge about non-common sense generalisations incorrectly. The usage of non-common sense generalisations also deprives the parties the ability to gain knowledge about and refute these, resulting in several negative consequences such as a lack of rule of law and increased expenses. In light of this, the court should not be allowed to use any eventual knowledge about non-common sense generalisations without communicating this with the parties. Communication would counteract the main risks without causing too much in-convenience for the court. (Less)
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author
Johansson, Hedvig LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
To know what others knows - a study about the court's possibility to use personal knowledge when judging
course
JURM02 20201
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Processrätt, civilprocessrätt, straffprocessrätt, bevisrätt
language
Swedish
id
9010435
date added to LUP
2020-06-16 10:56:47
date last changed
2020-06-16 10:56:47
@misc{9010435,
  abstract     = {{The court determines what has been proved in a case by an evaluation of evidence. As a main principle, the parties are responsible for presenting sufficient evidence. According to the principle of immediateness the judgement shall be based solely on the material that has been presented at the main hearing. However, there are exceptions to the requirement of proof and the principle of immediateness. For example, the court is always allowed to take circumstances that are generally known into consideration. Furthermore, it is stated in the legislative history of the Swedish Code of Judicial Procedure that a judge may consider common sense generalisations (“allmänna erfarenhetssatser”), but should not trust his or her personal knowledge beyond the common sense generalisations.

The purpose of this thesis has been to examine if a judge may base the judgement on his or her personal knowledge, when the personal knowledge has not been proved or presented at the hearing. This is done by examining the generally known as well as the court’s use of common sense generalisations and non-common sense generalisations (“särskilda erfarenhetssatser”) in the evaluation of evidence. Moreover, the purpose has been to examine if the legal position regarding what a judge may base his or her judgement on causes any problems and if so, if there are reasons to change the legal position. To fulfil the purpose of the thesis an analytical legal research method has been used, the approach being to determine the legal position as well as to analyse the law. 

The conclusion is that only circumstances that can be assumed to be known by the parties can be regarded as generally known. If the court is uncertain whether a circumstance is generally known, it may not be used without being communicated with the parties. Although the actual knowledge of the parties is irrelevant when deciding if a certain circumstance is generally known, the parties’ unanimity usually becomes the deciding factor as to whether the circumstance can be used without evidence or not. Since there is a risk that the court makes an incorrect assessment regarding what is generally known it is concluded that there are strong reasons to impose a requirement of communication with the parties. This would constitute a suitable balance between rule of law and economy interests. 

Furthermore, it is concluded that common sense generalisations are generally known and obtained through life experience. Since the common sense generalisations are obtained through life experience there is a risk that these are incorrect or consist of the judge’s personal experience. However, a requirement of communication or evidence for the common sense generalisations would probably not be possible without causing too much inconvenience. 

The non-common sense generalisations are not generally known but are based on expertise. Whether a judge may use this type of knowledge is today unclear. The legislative history is vague and the opinions in doctrine divided. The fact that the legal position is unclear is problematic. It is stated that there is a risk that the judge might use his or her knowledge about non-common sense generalisations incorrectly. The usage of non-common sense generalisations also deprives the parties the ability to gain knowledge about and refute these, resulting in several negative consequences such as a lack of rule of law and increased expenses. In light of this, the court should not be allowed to use any eventual knowledge about non-common sense generalisations without communicating this with the parties. Communication would counteract the main risks without causing too much in-convenience for the court.}},
  author       = {{Johansson, Hedvig}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Att veta vad andra vet - En studie om rättens möjlighet att använda sitt privata vetande i dömandet}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}