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The Relationship Between International Investment Arbitration and Environmental Protection: Charting the Inherent Shortcomings

Asgharian, Tina LU (2020) JURM02 20201
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
Approximately 3000 international investment agreements (IIAs), mostly bilateral investment treaties, have been designed since the 1960’s to promote and protect foreign investment across the world. In case of a dispute, the agreements provide for investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) in an arbitration tribunal. Investors have, however, been successful in extending arbitration to issues concerning public policy, including environmental policy. Drawing on vague and broad investment protection provisions, investors have challenged host states’ environmental protection measures by claiming that the measures constitute compensable indirect expropriation or a breach of the fair and equitable standard. Some of the environmental protection... (More)
Approximately 3000 international investment agreements (IIAs), mostly bilateral investment treaties, have been designed since the 1960’s to promote and protect foreign investment across the world. In case of a dispute, the agreements provide for investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) in an arbitration tribunal. Investors have, however, been successful in extending arbitration to issues concerning public policy, including environmental policy. Drawing on vague and broad investment protection provisions, investors have challenged host states’ environmental protection measures by claiming that the measures constitute compensable indirect expropriation or a breach of the fair and equitable standard. Some of the environmental protection measures challenged are bans on harmful chemicals and mining, measurements to provide hazardous waste, phase-out of nuclear power, and stricter measurements to protect ground water. As a result, state measures aimed to protect the environment, including regulations in line with goals set in international environmental law, are increasingly challenged at ad hoc arbitration tribunals, within the framework of international investment law.

The thesis investigates the potential procedural shortcomings of the ISDS mechanism in relation to environmental protection. In connection to this, the thesis makes three main conclusions. The first is that the inconsistent interpretational practices of investment tribunals have created a legal environment of uncertainty in respect to the host states’ obligations. As a result, states cannot take regulatory actions to protect the environment without facing the risk of arbitration. The second conclusion is that the tribunals extensive jurisdiction and the possibilities of third party funding significantly increases the host states’ exposure to investor claims. A single environmental protection measure, only affecting one investment, could therefore give rise to multiple claim, potentially under different IIAs. The third conclusion, is that the asymmetries inherent of the investment regime between investors’ interests and host states’ interests, might invite investors to submit claims to challenge environmental protection measures, even in the absence of a strong legal basis.

The thesis also asks whether the ongoing reform efforts of IIAs to include environmental language are adequate to combat the issues identified. It concludes that the ongoing efforts are inadequate in two aspects. First, they do not address the most crucial systematic shortcomings identified. Second, they might arguably be ignored or overruled through several mechanisms identified in this thesis, namely the most favored nation standard, the use of third-party IIAs as an interpretative aid, the possibility of multiple claims and the practice of “BIT-shopping”. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Cirka 3000 internationella investeringsavtal har ingåtts sedan 1960-talet för att främja och skydda gränsöverskridande investeringar över hela världen. Avtalen innehåller vanligtvis tvistlösningsmekanismen Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS), som innebär att utländska investerare ges rätt att stämma värdstater inför en internationell skiljedomstol för åtgärder som potentiellt påverkar investeringar negativt. Flera skiljeförfaranden har dock även berört frågor och åtgärder som rör viktiga allmänna intressen, så som miljöskydd. Genom att åberopa vaga och breda bestämmelser i investeringsavtalen har investerare yrkat att värdstaters miljöskyddsåtgärder utgör olovlig indirekt expropriation eller ett åsidosättande av Fair and Equitable... (More)
Cirka 3000 internationella investeringsavtal har ingåtts sedan 1960-talet för att främja och skydda gränsöverskridande investeringar över hela världen. Avtalen innehåller vanligtvis tvistlösningsmekanismen Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS), som innebär att utländska investerare ges rätt att stämma värdstater inför en internationell skiljedomstol för åtgärder som potentiellt påverkar investeringar negativt. Flera skiljeförfaranden har dock även berört frågor och åtgärder som rör viktiga allmänna intressen, så som miljöskydd. Genom att åberopa vaga och breda bestämmelser i investeringsavtalen har investerare yrkat att värdstaters miljöskyddsåtgärder utgör olovlig indirekt expropriation eller ett åsidosättande av Fair and Equitable Treatment standarden. Exempel på miljöskyddsåtgärder som prövats inför skiljedomstol inom ramen för investeringsavtal är förbud mot skadliga kemikalier, åtgärder mot farliga avfall, utfasning av kärnkraftverk
och restriktioner för att skydda grundvatten.

Uppsatsen undersöker potentiella processuella brister i ISDS-förfarandet i förhållande till miljöskyddsintressen i värdstater. Tre slutsatser dras. Den första slutsatsen är att skiljedomstolarnas skilda tolkningar och metoder har skapat ett oklart rättsläge vad gäller värdstaternas skyldigheter enligt avtalen och gränsdragningen för legitima statliga åtgärder. Stater kan därför inte vidta miljöskyddsåtgärder utan att undgå den kostsamma risken att stämmas inför skiljedomstol. Den andra slutsatsen är att skiljedomstolarnas omfattande jurisdiktion och möjligheterna till finansiering av investerares talan från tredje part avsevärt ökar risken för skiljeföranden. En enda miljöskyddsåtgärd, som endast påverkar en investering, kan därför ge upphov till flera parallella yrkanden, eventuellt under olika investeringsavtal. Den tredje slutsatsen är att asymmetrin inom ISDS-mekanismen mellan
investerares intressen och värdstaters intressen kan ge investerare ett
incitament att lämna in en stämningsansökan på grund av en statlig
miljöskyddsåtgärd som påverkar investeringen negativt, även i avsaknad av
en stark rättslig grund.

Uppsatsen utreder även om det pågående reformarbetet för att inkludera
miljöhänsyn i investeringsavtal är lämpligt för att motverka de identifierade bristerna. Slutsatsen är att det pågående reformarbetet är otillräckligt i två hänseenden. För det första åtgärdas inte de mest väsentliga systematiska bristerna. För det andra kan reformerna möjligen bortses ifrån eller åsidosättas genom flera mekanismer som identifierats i uppsatsen, så som Most Favoured Nation standarden, användningen av andra investeringsavtal som tolkningshjälpmedel, parallella stämningsansökningar och så kallad ”BIT-shopping”. (Less)
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author
Asgharian, Tina LU
supervisor
organization
course
JURM02 20201
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
public, international, law
language
English
id
9011070
date added to LUP
2020-06-23 13:31:07
date last changed
2020-06-23 13:31:07
@misc{9011070,
  abstract     = {{Approximately 3000 international investment agreements (IIAs), mostly bilateral investment treaties, have been designed since the 1960’s to promote and protect foreign investment across the world. In case of a dispute, the agreements provide for investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) in an arbitration tribunal. Investors have, however, been successful in extending arbitration to issues concerning public policy, including environmental policy. Drawing on vague and broad investment protection provisions, investors have challenged host states’ environmental protection measures by claiming that the measures constitute compensable indirect expropriation or a breach of the fair and equitable standard. Some of the environmental protection measures challenged are bans on harmful chemicals and mining, measurements to provide hazardous waste, phase-out of nuclear power, and stricter measurements to protect ground water. As a result, state measures aimed to protect the environment, including regulations in line with goals set in international environmental law, are increasingly challenged at ad hoc arbitration tribunals, within the framework of international investment law.
 
The thesis investigates the potential procedural shortcomings of the ISDS mechanism in relation to environmental protection. In connection to this, the thesis makes three main conclusions. The first is that the inconsistent interpretational practices of investment tribunals have created a legal environment of uncertainty in respect to the host states’ obligations. As a result, states cannot take regulatory actions to protect the environment without facing the risk of arbitration. The second conclusion is that the tribunals extensive jurisdiction and the possibilities of third party funding significantly increases the host states’ exposure to investor claims. A single environmental protection measure, only affecting one investment, could therefore give rise to multiple claim, potentially under different IIAs. The third conclusion, is that the asymmetries inherent of the investment regime between investors’ interests and host states’ interests, might invite investors to submit claims to challenge environmental protection measures, even in the absence of a strong legal basis. 

The thesis also asks whether the ongoing reform efforts of IIAs to include environmental language are adequate to combat the issues identified. It concludes that the ongoing efforts are inadequate in two aspects. First, they do not address the most crucial systematic shortcomings identified. Second, they might arguably be ignored or overruled through several mechanisms identified in this thesis, namely the most favored nation standard, the use of third-party IIAs as an interpretative aid, the possibility of multiple claims and the practice of “BIT-shopping”.}},
  author       = {{Asgharian, Tina}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{The Relationship Between International Investment Arbitration and Environmental Protection: Charting the Inherent Shortcomings}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}