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How to protect the environment without infringing the competition: A study on environmental vertical agreements in theory and in practice

Grethes, Alicia LU (2020) LAGM01 20201
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
As humanity is facing its biggest challenge ever – the climate crisis – it is now more important than ever that environmental protection is integrated in all parts of the European Union. Environmental protection is considered a main objective of the EU. In Article 3(3) of the TEU is stated that the internal market of the Union should work for a sustainable development and a high level of protection and improvement of the environment. The internal market should however also work for an effective competition and ensure that it is not distorted. Environmental vertical agreements mean agreements that aim at protecting the environment and may include restraints that infringe competition under Article 101 TFEU. Restraints such as single branding... (More)
As humanity is facing its biggest challenge ever – the climate crisis – it is now more important than ever that environmental protection is integrated in all parts of the European Union. Environmental protection is considered a main objective of the EU. In Article 3(3) of the TEU is stated that the internal market of the Union should work for a sustainable development and a high level of protection and improvement of the environment. The internal market should however also work for an effective competition and ensure that it is not distorted. Environmental vertical agreements mean agreements that aim at protecting the environment and may include restraints that infringe competition under Article 101 TFEU. Restraints such as single branding agreements, where a supplier hinders a distributor from buying similar products from other non-sustainable suppliers, or selective distribution systems, where only distributors that fulfill certain criteria such as a sustainable waste disposal can be included, are considered to restrain competition within the meaning of Article 101(1) TFEU. Such restraints may however be exempted if the four cumulative criteria of Article 101(3) TFEU are fulfilled.
The examination of this thesis concludes that an objective of environmental protection does not provide any special advantages for vertical restraints to be exempted, however the area is uncertain as there are no precedents regarding environmental vertical agreements. Furthermore, the research of this paper shows that environmental protection can to a certain extent be included in the concept of consumer welfare. Under the applicable definition of consumer welfare, environmental protection will not have a considerable impact on the assessment. The suggestion is that the European Union would benefit from a more American rule of reason approach which would allow for the Commission and the CJEU to take into consideration all circumstances to the agreement and thereby make a decision based on the individual facts of the case to a greater extent. Additionally, environmental protection should be seen as part of ‘technical and economic progress’ within the meaning of Article 101(3) TFEU.
The conclusion is that environmental protection is not given enough weight in the assessment of environmental vertical restraints under EU competition law. Hence, this thesis provides suggested measures to be taken by the Commission and the CJEU in order to incorporate environmental protection in the competition law. By suggested measures, the main objective of Article 3(3) TEU to protect and improve the environment can be achieved to a greater extent. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Eftersom människan nu står inför sin största utmaning någonsin – klimatkrisen – är det viktigare än någonsin att miljöskyddet integreras i alla delar av den Europeiska unionen. Miljöskydd anses vara ett huvudmål för EU. I Artikel 3.3 i EU-fördraget anges att Unionens inre marknad bör arbeta för en hållbar utveckling och en hög skyddsnivå och förbättring av miljön. Den inre marknaden ska dock också verka för en effektiv konkurrens och se till att den inte snedvrids. Vertikala miljöavtal innebär avtal som syftar till att skydda miljön och kan innehålla begränsningar som kränker konkurrensen enligt Artikel 101 FEUF. Begränsningar som avtal om ett enda varumärke där en leverantör hindrar en distributör från att köpa liknande produkter från... (More)
Eftersom människan nu står inför sin största utmaning någonsin – klimatkrisen – är det viktigare än någonsin att miljöskyddet integreras i alla delar av den Europeiska unionen. Miljöskydd anses vara ett huvudmål för EU. I Artikel 3.3 i EU-fördraget anges att Unionens inre marknad bör arbeta för en hållbar utveckling och en hög skyddsnivå och förbättring av miljön. Den inre marknaden ska dock också verka för en effektiv konkurrens och se till att den inte snedvrids. Vertikala miljöavtal innebär avtal som syftar till att skydda miljön och kan innehålla begränsningar som kränker konkurrensen enligt Artikel 101 FEUF. Begränsningar som avtal om ett enda varumärke där en leverantör hindrar en distributör från att köpa liknande produkter från andra icke-hållbara leverantörer, eller selektiva distributionssystem där endast distributörer som uppfyller vissa kriterier, såsom en hållbar avfallshantering, kan inkluderas, kan anses hämma konkurrensen inom betydelsen av Artikel 101.1 FEUF. Sådana begränsningar kan dock undantas om de fyra kumulativa kriterierna i Artikel 101.3 FEUF uppfylls.
Slutsatsen i denna uppsats är att ett avtal med syfte att skydda miljön inte ger några speciella fördelar i bedömningen av huruvida de vertikala begränsningarna som avtalet medför ska undantas, men rättsläget är oklart eftersom det saknas prejudikat gällande vertikala miljöavtal. Vidare visar undersökningen i denna uppsats att miljöskydd i viss utsträckning kan inkluderas i begreppet välfärd för konsumenter. Enligt gällande definition av vad som utgör välfärd för konsumenter har miljöskydd i ett vertikalt avtal ingen betydande inverkan på bedömningen av ett sådant avtal. Förslaget är att EU skulle dra nytta av en mer amerikansk rule of reason-bedömning, något som skulle göra det möjligt för Kommissionen och EU-domstolen att ta hänsyn till alla omständigheter i avtalet och därmed i större utsträckning fatta beslut baserat på avtalets individuella omständigheter. Dessutom bör miljöskydd ses som en del av "teknisk och ekonomisk utveckling" i den mening som avses i Artikel 101.3 FEUF. Slutsatsen är att miljöskyddet inte ges tillräckligt stor betydelse vid bedömningen av vertikala miljöavtal enligt EU:s konkurrenslagstiftning.
Därmed föreslår denna uppsats åtgärder som Kommissionen och EU- domstolen bör vidta för att integrera miljöskyddet i konkurrenslagstiftningen i större omfattning. Genom föreslagna åtgärder kan huvudmålet med Artikel 3.3 i EU-fördraget för att skydda och förbättra miljön uppnås i större utsträckning. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Grethes, Alicia LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGM01 20201
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Environment, competition law, vertical agreements, vertikala avtal, miljöavtal, miljöskydd, konkurrensrätt
language
English
id
9021306
date added to LUP
2020-06-30 11:01:55
date last changed
2020-06-30 11:01:55
@misc{9021306,
  abstract     = {{As humanity is facing its biggest challenge ever – the climate crisis – it is now more important than ever that environmental protection is integrated in all parts of the European Union. Environmental protection is considered a main objective of the EU. In Article 3(3) of the TEU is stated that the internal market of the Union should work for a sustainable development and a high level of protection and improvement of the environment. The internal market should however also work for an effective competition and ensure that it is not distorted. Environmental vertical agreements mean agreements that aim at protecting the environment and may include restraints that infringe competition under Article 101 TFEU. Restraints such as single branding agreements, where a supplier hinders a distributor from buying similar products from other non-sustainable suppliers, or selective distribution systems, where only distributors that fulfill certain criteria such as a sustainable waste disposal can be included, are considered to restrain competition within the meaning of Article 101(1) TFEU. Such restraints may however be exempted if the four cumulative criteria of Article 101(3) TFEU are fulfilled.
The examination of this thesis concludes that an objective of environmental protection does not provide any special advantages for vertical restraints to be exempted, however the area is uncertain as there are no precedents regarding environmental vertical agreements. Furthermore, the research of this paper shows that environmental protection can to a certain extent be included in the concept of consumer welfare. Under the applicable definition of consumer welfare, environmental protection will not have a considerable impact on the assessment. The suggestion is that the European Union would benefit from a more American rule of reason approach which would allow for the Commission and the CJEU to take into consideration all circumstances to the agreement and thereby make a decision based on the individual facts of the case to a greater extent. Additionally, environmental protection should be seen as part of ‘technical and economic progress’ within the meaning of Article 101(3) TFEU.
The conclusion is that environmental protection is not given enough weight in the assessment of environmental vertical restraints under EU competition law. Hence, this thesis provides suggested measures to be taken by the Commission and the CJEU in order to incorporate environmental protection in the competition law. By suggested measures, the main objective of Article 3(3) TEU to protect and improve the environment can be achieved to a greater extent.}},
  author       = {{Grethes, Alicia}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{How to protect the environment without infringing the competition: A study on environmental vertical agreements in theory and in practice}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}