Skip to main content

LUP Student Papers

LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Avtalsstruktur och risk vid köp av nyproducerade bostadsrätter

Prytz, Axel LU (2020) VFTM01 20201
Real Estate Science
Abstract
The housing market in Sweden has had a positive trend since the 1990s. In recent years, the market for newly produced condominiums has changed due to credit restrictions enforced by new legislation. To sell condominiums for new production, binding preliminary contracts (in Swedish: förhandsavtal) and special tenure contracts (in Swedish: Upplåtelseavtal) are used. In those contracts the seller undertakes to sell a condominium with tenancy rights and the customer to buy it. The real-estate developers find it more challenging to reach buyers who are willing to engage in binding preliminary contracts. Buying a condominium or real estate, in general, is the largest purchase a private person can do in life. This thesis is going to research if... (More)
The housing market in Sweden has had a positive trend since the 1990s. In recent years, the market for newly produced condominiums has changed due to credit restrictions enforced by new legislation. To sell condominiums for new production, binding preliminary contracts (in Swedish: förhandsavtal) and special tenure contracts (in Swedish: Upplåtelseavtal) are used. In those contracts the seller undertakes to sell a condominium with tenancy rights and the customer to buy it. The real-estate developers find it more challenging to reach buyers who are willing to engage in binding preliminary contracts. Buying a condominium or real estate, in general, is the largest purchase a private person can do in life. This thesis is going to research if the so-called preliminary contracts and special tenure contracts are sufficient to cover the risk involved in such deals. This leads into the following questions: How does the contract structure look like in general? What are the risks in those contracts and are the contractors aware of them? Who bears the responsibility in the contracts? What outcomes can certain risks lead to? Those issues are examined in this thesis and at the end, suggestions are presented for improvements in the contracts used on the market for newly produced condominiums. These improvements could hopefully lead to a more reliable environment for all involved parties in the housing market.

Being bound to a contract in a changing and uncertain market is not optimal, it can in worst-case scenarios lead to significant economic losses. In the case where the customer can no longer fulfil his obligations under the contract, he or she is put in a bad place, as indemnity is often the consequence. There are certain uncertainties in preliminary binding contracts for the customer and the developers, which some are beginning to acknowledge. This has generated scepticism on the condominium market. The goal of this thesis is to perform a risk analysis and identify any insufficiencies that can be exposed.

Purchases of newly produced condominiums differ from other purchases in the housing market. It is a unique way to do a housing purchase because it is a tenure for an apartment, a usufruct without restriction in time. It is consequently regulated by special legislation in the Housing Law Act (in Swedish: bostadsrättslag), Swedish Law of Contracts (in Swedish: avtalslagen) and the Act on Economic Associations (in Swedish: Lagen om ekonomiska föreningar). Because the contracting parties are a housing-cooperative and a private individual, it is not defined as a consumer-business relationship in the contractual relationship. As a consequence, the buyer of newly-produced condominiums lacks the standard Swedish consumer protection legislation which exists for other housing investments. Example in the purchase of villas or second-hand transfer of condominiums they have another legislation and system to regulate the businesses.

This thesis will perform risk analyzes of four preliminary contracts and four special tenure contracts, which are compiled as separate risk profiles. These risk profiles indicate whether there is risk and if so where in the agreements.

The risks that were discovered were most often in the clauses regarding timeframes about the special tenure contract dates and the access dates. Unfortunately, these timeframes lack practice in the high court of Sweden. An additional risk was found for buyers as the contracts lacked so-called force majeure clauses.

Two propositions are submitted as conclusions:
• The introduction of force majeure clauses for both the buyer and real estate developers.
• The introduction of penalty payment clauses for delays in construction.

These suggestions are presumably best fulfilled as a new change in the Housing Law Act. This means those suggestions would be compulsory clauses to ensure the client's ability to include them in the contracts regarding newly produced condominiums. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Bostadsmarknaden har genomgått flertal förändringar sedan 1990-talet och haft en positiv trend under 2000-talet. De senaste åren har marknaden för nyproducerade bostadsrätter förändrats på grund av kreditrestriktionerna som införts. Fastighetsutvecklare har svårare att hitta köpare som är villiga att teckna bindande förhandsavtal och det råder en viss osäkerhet på marknaden för nyproducerade bostadsrätter. För att sälja bostadsrätter vid nyproduktion används förhandsavtal och upplåtelseavtal. Säljaren binder sig till att upplåta lägenhet med bostadsrätt och köparen att köpa bostadsrätten. Är de så kallade förhandsavtalen och upplåtelseavtalen tillräckliga för att täcka brister och osäkerheter i köpen? Vilka risker finns i dessa avtal och... (More)
Bostadsmarknaden har genomgått flertal förändringar sedan 1990-talet och haft en positiv trend under 2000-talet. De senaste åren har marknaden för nyproducerade bostadsrätter förändrats på grund av kreditrestriktionerna som införts. Fastighetsutvecklare har svårare att hitta köpare som är villiga att teckna bindande förhandsavtal och det råder en viss osäkerhet på marknaden för nyproducerade bostadsrätter. För att sälja bostadsrätter vid nyproduktion används förhandsavtal och upplåtelseavtal. Säljaren binder sig till att upplåta lägenhet med bostadsrätt och köparen att köpa bostadsrätten. Är de så kallade förhandsavtalen och upplåtelseavtalen tillräckliga för att täcka brister och osäkerheter i köpen? Vilka risker finns i dessa avtal och är parterna medvetna om dem?
Att vara bunden till ett avtal vid en föränderlig marknad där priserna inte alltid stiger är inte optimalt eftersom det kan innebära stora ekonomiska förluster. Då förhandstecknaren inte längre kan fullfölja sina förpliktelser enligt avtalen sätts han eller hon i en prekär sits med otydliga konsekvenser. Det föreligger osäkerheter för köparen i samband med köp av nyproducerade bostadsrätter, vilket innebär en risk som många börjar känna till. Syftet med uppsatsen är att göra en riskanalys och redovisa eventuella brister i avtalen och hur de är fördelade. Målet är att ta fram förslag på åtgärder för att bidra till en tryggare bostadsmarknad för köpare och säljare.
Köp av nyproducerade bostadsrätter skiljs från övriga köp på bostadsmarknaden. Det är ett unikt sätt att genomföra ett bostadsköp på eftersom upplåtelse är skapande av en nyttjanderätt och således inte en vanlig försäljning. Reglerna gällande nyproduktion av bostadsrätter regleras därför av speciallagstiftning: bostadsrättslagen, avtalslagen och lagen om ekonomiska föreningar. På grund av att avtalsparterna är en bostadsrättsförening och privatperson definieras inte som ett konsument- och näringsidkarförhållande i kontraktsförhållande. Därmed saknar köparen av nyproducerade bostadsrätter den konsumentskyddande lagstiftning som finns vid exempelvis köp av villor eller bostadsrätter i andrahand (överlåtelse).
I uppsatsen genomförs riskanalyser av fyra förhandsavtal och fyra upplåtelseavtal som sammanställs i riskprofiler. Riskprofilerna visar på om det föreligger risk och om den är liten, måttlig eller stor. Riskerna som upptäcktes var oftast kopplade till tidsangivelser angående upplåtelsedatum och tillträdesdatum. Sådana risker är riskfyllda på grund av avsaknad av vägledande praxis. Ytterligare risk föreligger för köpare eftersom det i avtalen saknades force majeureklausuler för deras räkning.
Fyra åtgärder föreslås för en tryggare bostadsmarknad:
• Införandet av vitesklausuler för köparna vid försening av bygget.
• En rekommendation till lagstiftaren av BRL att utreda möjligheten att införa krav på force majeureklausuler för både köparen och säljaren.
• Ändring i BRL med mer skyddande konsumentlagstiftning samt noggrant angivna tidsramar vid upplåtelse och tillträde.
• Förslag på vidareutredning om att inrätta en oberoende part som jobbar med certifiering av förhandsavtal och upplåtelseavtal.
Åtgärderna bör förslagsvis fullbordas genom införande av ändringar i BRL och vara tvingande, för att säkerställa köparnas möjligheter att få med sådana klausuler i avtalen. Förslagen behöver dock vidare utredas innan beslut kan fattas, avseende på vart kostnaden ska fördelas. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Prytz, Axel LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Contract structure and risk when buying tenure condominiums
course
VFTM01 20201
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Condominium, housing cooperative, tenure, preliminary contract, tenure contract, contract structure, risk, responsibility, contract, force majeure clause
other publication id
LUTVDG/TVLM 20/5457 SE
language
Swedish
id
9023290
date added to LUP
2020-06-30 08:00:59
date last changed
2020-06-30 08:00:59
@misc{9023290,
  abstract     = {{The housing market in Sweden has had a positive trend since the 1990s. In recent years, the market for newly produced condominiums has changed due to credit restrictions enforced by new legislation. To sell condominiums for new production, binding preliminary contracts (in Swedish: förhandsavtal) and special tenure contracts (in Swedish: Upplåtelseavtal) are used. In those contracts the seller undertakes to sell a condominium with tenancy rights and the customer to buy it. The real-estate developers find it more challenging to reach buyers who are willing to engage in binding preliminary contracts. Buying a condominium or real estate, in general, is the largest purchase a private person can do in life. This thesis is going to research if the so-called preliminary contracts and special tenure contracts are sufficient to cover the risk involved in such deals. This leads into the following questions: How does the contract structure look like in general? What are the risks in those contracts and are the contractors aware of them? Who bears the responsibility in the contracts? What outcomes can certain risks lead to? Those issues are examined in this thesis and at the end, suggestions are presented for improvements in the contracts used on the market for newly produced condominiums. These improvements could hopefully lead to a more reliable environment for all involved parties in the housing market.

Being bound to a contract in a changing and uncertain market is not optimal, it can in worst-case scenarios lead to significant economic losses. In the case where the customer can no longer fulfil his obligations under the contract, he or she is put in a bad place, as indemnity is often the consequence. There are certain uncertainties in preliminary binding contracts for the customer and the developers, which some are beginning to acknowledge. This has generated scepticism on the condominium market. The goal of this thesis is to perform a risk analysis and identify any insufficiencies that can be exposed. 

Purchases of newly produced condominiums differ from other purchases in the housing market. It is a unique way to do a housing purchase because it is a tenure for an apartment, a usufruct without restriction in time. It is consequently regulated by special legislation in the Housing Law Act (in Swedish: bostadsrättslag), Swedish Law of Contracts (in Swedish: avtalslagen) and the Act on Economic Associations (in Swedish: Lagen om ekonomiska föreningar). Because the contracting parties are a housing-cooperative and a private individual, it is not defined as a consumer-business relationship in the contractual relationship. As a consequence, the buyer of newly-produced condominiums lacks the standard Swedish consumer protection legislation which exists for other housing investments. Example in the purchase of villas or second-hand transfer of condominiums they have another legislation and system to regulate the businesses.

This thesis will perform risk analyzes of four preliminary contracts and four special tenure contracts, which are compiled as separate risk profiles. These risk profiles indicate whether there is risk and if so where in the agreements.

The risks that were discovered were most often in the clauses regarding timeframes about the special tenure contract dates and the access dates. Unfortunately, these timeframes lack practice in the high court of Sweden. An additional risk was found for buyers as the contracts lacked so-called force majeure clauses.

Two propositions are submitted as conclusions:
• The introduction of force majeure clauses for both the buyer and real estate developers.
• The introduction of penalty payment clauses for delays in construction.

These suggestions are presumably best fulfilled as a new change in the Housing Law Act. This means those suggestions would be compulsory clauses to ensure the client's ability to include them in the contracts regarding newly produced condominiums.}},
  author       = {{Prytz, Axel}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Avtalsstruktur och risk vid köp av nyproducerade bostadsrätter}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}