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Gränsöverskridande resultatutjämning - En undersökning av moderbolagets beviskrav vid koncernavdrag

Ståhlnacke, Filippa LU (2020) JURM02 20201
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
I Marks & Spencer-domen slog EU-domstolen fast att det strider mot etableringsfriheten att inte tillåta gränsöverskridande förlustavdrag när förlusterna inte kan utnyttjas i det utländska dotterbolagets hemviststat, det vill säga när förlusterna är så kallade slutliga. Nyligen lämnade EU-domstolen förhandsavgöranden i de två svenska målen Holmen och Memira där Marks & Spencer-principen bekräftas. Trots att moderbolagen själva ansåg sig klart ha uppfyllt de beviskrav EU-domstolen ställt valde HFD att avvisa ansökningarna och undanröja förhandsavgörandena.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka moderbolagets beviskrav gällande att förlusterna är så kallade slutliga, samt att kritiskt granska HFD:s avvisningsbeslut i Holmen och Memira.... (More)
I Marks & Spencer-domen slog EU-domstolen fast att det strider mot etableringsfriheten att inte tillåta gränsöverskridande förlustavdrag när förlusterna inte kan utnyttjas i det utländska dotterbolagets hemviststat, det vill säga när förlusterna är så kallade slutliga. Nyligen lämnade EU-domstolen förhandsavgöranden i de två svenska målen Holmen och Memira där Marks & Spencer-principen bekräftas. Trots att moderbolagen själva ansåg sig klart ha uppfyllt de beviskrav EU-domstolen ställt valde HFD att avvisa ansökningarna och undanröja förhandsavgörandena.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka moderbolagets beviskrav gällande att förlusterna är så kallade slutliga, samt att kritiskt granska HFD:s avvisningsbeslut i Holmen och Memira. Uppsatsen ämnar också att diskutera den rättsosäkerhet för svenska företag som följt av HFD:s agerande.

Sammanfattningsvis kan konstateras att tydligare bevisregler är nödvändigt för att de svenska bestämmelserna ska kunna anses vara rättssäkra. Beviskravet i skatteprocessen är generellt ställt vid sannolikt, men det är i den här situationen inte helt tydligt vad det kravet faktiskt innebär. Moderbolaget kan visa att förlustbolaget själv inte kan utnyttja förlusterna genom att visa att bolaget likviderats, fusionerats, gått i konkurs eller att tidsfristen för att utnyttja förlusten har passerat. Det är däremot inte lika enkelt att visa att det inte finns möjlighet för utomstående part att efter en överlåtelse utnyttja förlusten. Ett sätt att nå upp till beviskravet är att visa på att det finns bestämmelser i dotterbolagsstaten som begränsar en sådan möjlighet. Finns inga sådana begränsningar kan moderbolaget nå upp till beviskravet genom att visa att det inte finns någon köpare till bolaget. Detta är emellertid ett relativt högt krav att ställa på den skattskyldige, som dessutom vållar ytterligare bevisfrågor. Det borde räcka med att visa att en avyttring av affärsmässiga skäl vore omotiverad eller åtminstone oetisk. Lyckas moderbolaget visa något av ovanstående har det enligt mig uppnått sitt beviskrav.

Avslutningsvis kan konstateras att HFD:s avvisningsbeslut innebär att rättsosäkerheten hos svenska företag fortfarande är lika stor. Domstolen hade en möjlighet att skapa prejudikat och därmed skapa förutsebarhet på rättsområdet, men valde att inte göra detta – något som starkt kan kritiseras. Företag borde emellertid kunna förutse sitt utfall genom att titta på EU-domstolens förhandsavgörande. (Less)
Abstract
In the Marks & Spencer judgment, the European Court of Justice ruled that it is against the freedom of establishment not to allow a parent company to deduct losses incurred by its non-resident subsidiary from its taxable profits, when the losses cannot be utilized in the foreign subsidiary’s state of resident. Recently, the European Court of Justice gave preliminary rulings in the two Swedish cases Holmen and Memira where the Marks & Spencer principle was confirmed. Despite the fact that the parent companies themselves clearly considered that they had fulfilled the evidentiary requirements set by the European Court of Justice, The Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden chose to reject the applications and set aside the preliminary rulings.... (More)
In the Marks & Spencer judgment, the European Court of Justice ruled that it is against the freedom of establishment not to allow a parent company to deduct losses incurred by its non-resident subsidiary from its taxable profits, when the losses cannot be utilized in the foreign subsidiary’s state of resident. Recently, the European Court of Justice gave preliminary rulings in the two Swedish cases Holmen and Memira where the Marks & Spencer principle was confirmed. Despite the fact that the parent companies themselves clearly considered that they had fulfilled the evidentiary requirements set by the European Court of Justice, The Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden chose to reject the applications and set aside the preliminary rulings.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine a parent company’s evidentiary requirements regarding the fact that the losses cannot be utilized in the foreign subsidiary’s state of resident. Furthermore, the purpose is to critically examine The Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden’s decision to reject Holmen and Memira’s applications. The thesis also aims to discuss the legal uncertainty for Swedish companies that followed The Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden’s actions.

In conclusion, it can be stated that clearer evidentiary rules are necessary for the Swedish regulations to be considered in compliance with the rule of law. The burden of proof in the tax legislation is generally set to “probable”, but it is not certain what that requirement actually means in this case. A parent company can prove that the loss bearing company itself cannot utilize the losses by showing that the company has been liquidated, merged, gone bankrupt or that the deadline for utilizing the loss has passed. However, it is not as easy to show the lack of possibility for a third party to exploit the losses after a transfer of the company. One way to reach the evidentiary requirement is to show that there are regulations in the subsidiary state that limit such a possibility. If there are no such restrictions, the parent company can reach the evidentiary requirement by proving that there is no buyer for the company. However, this is a relatively high requirement to place on the taxpayer, and it also raises additional evidential questions. It should be enough for a parent company to show that a sale would be commercially unjustified or at least unethical. If the parent company succeeds in showing any of the above, it has, in my opinion, met its evidentiary requirement.

Finally, it can be stated that The Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden’s rejection decision means that the legal uncertainty of Swedish companies remains unchanged. The court had an opportunity to set precedents and thus create predictability in the legal field, but chose not to do so – something that should be strongly criticized. Companies should, on the other hand, be able to predict an outcome by looking at the European Court of Justice's preliminary ruling. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Ståhlnacke, Filippa LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Cross-border distribution of financial results - A study of the evidentiary requirements for group deduction by the parent company
course
JURM02 20201
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
skatterätt, EU-rätt, koncernavdrag, holmen, memira, slutlig förlust
language
Swedish
id
9025767
date added to LUP
2020-09-09 13:08:48
date last changed
2020-09-09 13:08:48
@misc{9025767,
  abstract     = {{In the Marks & Spencer judgment, the European Court of Justice ruled that it is against the freedom of establishment not to allow a parent company to deduct losses incurred by its non-resident subsidiary from its taxable profits, when the losses cannot be utilized in the foreign subsidiary’s state of resident. Recently, the European Court of Justice gave preliminary rulings in the two Swedish cases Holmen and Memira where the Marks & Spencer principle was confirmed. Despite the fact that the parent companies themselves clearly considered that they had fulfilled the evidentiary requirements set by the European Court of Justice, The Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden chose to reject the applications and set aside the preliminary rulings.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine a parent company’s evidentiary requirements regarding the fact that the losses cannot be utilized in the foreign subsidiary’s state of resident. Furthermore, the purpose is to critically examine The Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden’s decision to reject Holmen and Memira’s applications. The thesis also aims to discuss the legal uncertainty for Swedish companies that followed The Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden’s actions.

In conclusion, it can be stated that clearer evidentiary rules are necessary for the Swedish regulations to be considered in compliance with the rule of law. The burden of proof in the tax legislation is generally set to “probable”, but it is not certain what that requirement actually means in this case. A parent company can prove that the loss bearing company itself cannot utilize the losses by showing that the company has been liquidated, merged, gone bankrupt or that the deadline for utilizing the loss has passed. However, it is not as easy to show the lack of possibility for a third party to exploit the losses after a transfer of the company. One way to reach the evidentiary requirement is to show that there are regulations in the subsidiary state that limit such a possibility. If there are no such restrictions, the parent company can reach the evidentiary requirement by proving that there is no buyer for the company. However, this is a relatively high requirement to place on the taxpayer, and it also raises additional evidential questions. It should be enough for a parent company to show that a sale would be commercially unjustified or at least unethical. If the parent company succeeds in showing any of the above, it has, in my opinion, met its evidentiary requirement.

Finally, it can be stated that The Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden’s rejection decision means that the legal uncertainty of Swedish companies remains unchanged. The court had an opportunity to set precedents and thus create predictability in the legal field, but chose not to do so – something that should be strongly criticized. Companies should, on the other hand, be able to predict an outcome by looking at the European Court of Justice's preliminary ruling.}},
  author       = {{Ståhlnacke, Filippa}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Gränsöverskridande resultatutjämning - En undersökning av moderbolagets beviskrav vid koncernavdrag}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}