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2013- och 2019 års riktade ränteavdragsregler och deras förenlighet med EU-rätten

Marciniak, Victor LU (2020) JURM02 20202
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
In chapter 24 of the Swedish statute of income taxation there are rules that, translated into english, would be called ”the aimed interest deduction rules”. These rules infringe on the possibilities of companies to deduct interests of loans that said companies have taken from other companies - within the same corporate group of companies. If Swedish companies secure loans from foreign low taxed companies, within the same corporate group, and if the Swedish companies can deduct the interest connected to these loans, the Swedish state is in risk of losing it’s ability to tax the earnings of said Swedish companies. The purpose of the aimed interest deduction rules is to prevent this from happening.
The aimed interest deduction rules were... (More)
In chapter 24 of the Swedish statute of income taxation there are rules that, translated into english, would be called ”the aimed interest deduction rules”. These rules infringe on the possibilities of companies to deduct interests of loans that said companies have taken from other companies - within the same corporate group of companies. If Swedish companies secure loans from foreign low taxed companies, within the same corporate group, and if the Swedish companies can deduct the interest connected to these loans, the Swedish state is in risk of losing it’s ability to tax the earnings of said Swedish companies. The purpose of the aimed interest deduction rules is to prevent this from happening.
The aimed interest deduction rules were first put into law in the year 2009, but they were then modified in the year 2013 and then again in the year 2019.
The aimed interest deduction rules have received a lot of criticism over the years. The criticism is based on the notion that the rules are detrimental for groups of companies that are located in more than one EU-state (with Sweden being one of them). If groups of companies that transcend borders are struck worse than groups that are solely located in Sweden; then the rules are in risk of violating EU-law.
This essay aims at sorting out wether or not the interest deduction rules from the years 2013 and 2019 are in violation of EU-law.
A legal analysis, pertaining to EU-law, contains several steps. One step is to determine wether or not the rules lead to negative special treatment towards foreign companies (in other EU-states) or towards groups of companies located in more than one EU-state. In case the rules lead to a negative special treatment; the existence of potential ”justification grounds” are examined. The existence of said grounds would allow states to conduct the negative special treatment without violating EU-law.
If justification grounds are determined to exist the final step of the analysis is to determine wether or not the rules are proportionate, in other words wether or not the rules are effective in fulfilling their purpose and do not constitute infringements that go longer than necessary.
From conducting above mentioned legal analysis I have reached the conclusion that the aimed interest deduction rules of 2013 lead to a negative special treatment towards foreign companies and cross-border groups of companies, unlike the rules from 2019. I have reached this conclusion based on the presence of a rule called ”the 10%-rule” among the rules of 2013. This rule affects cross border groups of companies differently from how it affects strictly national groups of companies. This rule is absent from the rules of 2019.
Another reason for why I reach this conclusion is that the rules from 2013 are not applied to companies that can give each other contributions, something that is much more common between Swedish companies than it is between Swedish and foreign companies. Since the rules of 2019 have a much narrower field of application, I deem the difference in how often Swedish and cross border groups of companies are struck by them, to be much smaller.
I further deem the rules of both years to be justifiable via aforementioned ”justification grounds”.
Regarding the proportionality of the rules I deem the rules of 2013 to be disproportionate and the rules of 2019 to have been disproportionate if they had led to a negative special treatment.
I base this conclusion on the fact that the rules do not exclusively target what is called ”purely fictitious arrangements”. Two other reasons is that the rules do not follow the arm length principle and that their criteria are too vague to be able to provide reliability in how they are applied. Regarding the rules of 2019; my view is that they probably entail a non-discriminatory restriction of EU-law. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
I kapitel 24 av inkomstskattelagen återfinns regler som benämns ”de riktade ränteavdragsreglerna”. Dessa regler innebär inskränkningar i bolags möjligheter att göra skattemässiga avdrag för ränta som de betalat till andra bolag i samma intressegemenskap. Ifall svenska bolag kan ta lån från utländska lågbeskattade bolag inom samma intressegemenskap, för att därefter göra avdrag för räntan som dessa svenska bolag betalar, så riskerar den svenska bolagsskattebasen att urholkas genom att beskattningsbar vinst lämnar Sverige. De riktade ränteavdragsreglerna syftar till att motverka att detta sker.
De riktade ränteavdragsreglerna infördes i svensk lag år 2009, men de har reviderats om i två omgångar; först under år 2013 och sedan under år... (More)
I kapitel 24 av inkomstskattelagen återfinns regler som benämns ”de riktade ränteavdragsreglerna”. Dessa regler innebär inskränkningar i bolags möjligheter att göra skattemässiga avdrag för ränta som de betalat till andra bolag i samma intressegemenskap. Ifall svenska bolag kan ta lån från utländska lågbeskattade bolag inom samma intressegemenskap, för att därefter göra avdrag för räntan som dessa svenska bolag betalar, så riskerar den svenska bolagsskattebasen att urholkas genom att beskattningsbar vinst lämnar Sverige. De riktade ränteavdragsreglerna syftar till att motverka att detta sker.
De riktade ränteavdragsreglerna infördes i svensk lag år 2009, men de har reviderats om i två omgångar; först under år 2013 och sedan under år 2019.
Det har under åren riktats mycket kritik mot de riktade ränteavdragsreglerna. Kritiken bygger på att reglerna missgynnar gränsöverskridande koncerner inom EU, något som eventuellt kan innebära ett brott mot EU-rätten.
Syftet med denna uppsats är att reda ut huruvida de riktade ränteavdragsreglerna från år 2013 och år 2019 är förenliga med EU-rätten.
En EU-rättslig analys innehåller olika delmoment. Ett av dessa moment är att man undersöker ifall reglerna förorsakar en negativ särbehandling gentemot bolag från andra EU-länder eller gentemot koncerner som är etablerade i flertalet EU-länder. Ifall reglerna innebär en negativ särbehandling undersöks därefter ifall särbehandlingen kan rättfärdigas på basis av så kallade ”rättfärdigandegrunder”. Ifall särbehandlingen kan rättfärdigas undersöker man till sist ifall reglerna är proportionella, dvs ifall de är effektiva i att uppfylla sitt syfte och inte går längre än vad som behövs för att uppnå sitt syfte.
Från att ha gjort en EU-rättslig analys når jag slutsatsen att 2019 års riktade ränteavdragsregler inte innebär en negativ särbehandling till skillnad från 2013 års regler. Denna negativa särbehandling tillskriver jag bland annat en regel som kallas för ”10%-regeln”, som inte drabbar inhemska och gränsöverskridande koncerner likadant. Denna regel förekommer inte bland 2019 års riktade ränteavdragsregler. Jag tillskriver även särbehandlingen till att reglerna sällan drabbar svenska bolag som har koncerbidragsrätt, något som är vanligt för svenska bolag att ha men ovanligt för utländska bolag att ha. Eftersom 2019 års regler har ett mycket snävare tillämpningsområde så bör inte skillnaden, mellan hur ofta svenska och utländska bolag drabbas av räntereglerna, vara lika påtaglig. Således når jag slutsatsen att 2019 års regler inte innebär en negativ särbehandling i detta avseende heller, eller i något annat avseende som jag kan utläsa.
I min analys når jag vidare slutsatsen att både årgångars regler kan rättfärdigas.
Gällande proportionalitet når jag slutsatsen att 2013 års regler inte är proportionella och att 2019 års regler inte heller hade varit det ifall de innebar en negativ särbehandling. Denna slutsats baserar jag på att de riktade ränteavdragsreglerna inte tar sikte på ”rent konstlade upplägg”, att de inte följer armlängdsprincipen och att de innehåller rekvisit som är för vaga för att kunna anses vara rättssäkra. 2019 års regler innebär, enligt min mening, en icke-diskriminerande restriktion av EU-rätten. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Marciniak, Victor LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
The Swedish aimed interest deduction rules and their compatibility with EU law.
course
JURM02 20202
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Skatterätt, Tax Law, EU-rätt, EU Law
language
Swedish
id
9033384
date added to LUP
2021-01-25 09:32:35
date last changed
2021-01-25 09:32:35
@misc{9033384,
  abstract     = {{In chapter 24 of the Swedish statute of income taxation there are rules that, translated into english, would be called ”the aimed interest deduction rules”. These rules infringe on the possibilities of companies to deduct interests of loans that said companies have taken from other companies - within the same corporate group of companies. If Swedish companies secure loans from foreign low taxed companies, within the same corporate group, and if the Swedish companies can deduct the interest connected to these loans, the Swedish state is in risk of losing it’s ability to tax the earnings of said Swedish companies. The purpose of the aimed interest deduction rules is to prevent this from happening. 
The aimed interest deduction rules were first put into law in the year 2009, but they were then modified in the year 2013 and then again in the year 2019.
The aimed interest deduction rules have received a lot of criticism over the years. The criticism is based on the notion that the rules are detrimental for groups of companies that are located in more than one EU-state (with Sweden being one of them). If groups of companies that transcend borders are struck worse than groups that are solely located in Sweden; then the rules are in risk of violating EU-law.
This essay aims at sorting out wether or not the interest deduction rules from the years 2013 and 2019 are in violation of EU-law.
A legal analysis, pertaining to EU-law, contains several steps. One step is to determine wether or not the rules lead to negative special treatment towards foreign companies (in other EU-states) or towards groups of companies located in more than one EU-state. In case the rules lead to a negative special treatment; the existence of potential ”justification grounds” are examined. The existence of said grounds would allow states to conduct the negative special treatment without violating EU-law. 
If justification grounds are determined to exist the final step of the analysis is to determine wether or not the rules are proportionate, in other words wether or not the rules are effective in fulfilling their purpose and do not constitute infringements that go longer than necessary. 
From conducting above mentioned legal analysis I have reached the conclusion that the aimed interest deduction rules of 2013 lead to a negative special treatment towards foreign companies and cross-border groups of companies, unlike the rules from 2019. I have reached this conclusion based on the presence of a rule called ”the 10%-rule” among the rules of 2013. This rule affects cross border groups of companies differently from how it affects strictly national groups of companies. This rule is absent from the rules of 2019.
Another reason for why I reach this conclusion is that the rules from 2013 are not applied to companies that can give each other contributions, something that is much more common between Swedish companies than it is between Swedish and foreign companies. Since the rules of 2019 have a much narrower field of application, I deem the difference in how often Swedish and cross border groups of companies are struck by them, to be much smaller. 
I further deem the rules of both years to be justifiable via aforementioned ”justification grounds”.
Regarding the proportionality of the rules I deem the rules of 2013 to be disproportionate and the rules of 2019 to have been disproportionate if they had led to a negative special treatment.
I base this conclusion on the fact that the rules do not exclusively target what is called ”purely fictitious arrangements”. Two other reasons is that the rules do not follow the arm length principle and that their criteria are too vague to be able to provide reliability in how they are applied. Regarding the rules of 2019; my view is that they probably entail a non-discriminatory restriction of EU-law.}},
  author       = {{Marciniak, Victor}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{2013- och 2019 års riktade ränteavdragsregler och deras förenlighet med EU-rätten}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}