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Djur, natur och miljöstraffrättens antropocentriska struktur - En moralfilosofisk utvärdering av miljöstraffrätten och dess framtid

Renell, Erik LU (2020) JURM02 20202
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
The environmental and climate crisis deteriorates every year. Human activities keep increasing the average temperature of our planet and as a consequence, global environmental systems have been put out of balance. Simultaneously and intertwined with the climate crisis, human behavior is also causing a mass extinction of species with a terrifying speed.

This thesis investigates how Swedish environmental criminal law deals with the crisis on an ethical level. Using theories of environmental ethics, the ethical foundation of environmental criminal law is studied, with a focus on what it admits regarding intrinsic value, i.e. what is valuable in itself. This thesis argues that the currently predominate view of anthropocentrism, the idea... (More)
The environmental and climate crisis deteriorates every year. Human activities keep increasing the average temperature of our planet and as a consequence, global environmental systems have been put out of balance. Simultaneously and intertwined with the climate crisis, human behavior is also causing a mass extinction of species with a terrifying speed.

This thesis investigates how Swedish environmental criminal law deals with the crisis on an ethical level. Using theories of environmental ethics, the ethical foundation of environmental criminal law is studied, with a focus on what it admits regarding intrinsic value, i.e. what is valuable in itself. This thesis argues that the currently predominate view of anthropocentrism, the idea that only humans are valuable by themselves, is a cause of our climate and environmental crisis. Since a central premise for this thesis is that criminal law in general has a moral function, this thesis draws connections between behavior, ethics and criminal law. Therefore, this thesis analyses how environmental criminal law could change in order to rest on a non-anthropo¬centric foundation.

As its first main part, the thesis investigates environmental ethics and its theories regarding the ethical relationship between humankind and nature. Through the categorising of different theories of environmental ethics as either anthropocentric, mid-green or dark green, the field of environmental ethics becomes a manageable tool for analysing the values of environmental criminal law.

After categorising the theories of environmental ethics, environmental criminal law itself is studied, in an attempt to discover the values it rests upon. Initial comments are made regarding the values of criminal law as a whole, followed by a deeper investigation of the environmental ethical considerations of environmental law. This thesis argues that both are influenced by a clear anthropocentric focus.

Environmental criminal law is also analysed by looking at both criminali-sation and punishment. Starting with criminalisation, this thesis finds that the construction of crimes within the field of environmental criminal law corresponds to both an anthropocentric and a non-anthropocentric per-spective. Considering, however, what is not criminalised it becomes evident that the criminalisations can only be accepted from an anthropocentric per-spective, especially considering meat production and consumption by humans. Continuing with the punishments, it is clear that the field of environ¬mental criminal law suffers from an underdeveloped ethical reasoning and foundation. Its relatively mild punishments also witness of an underlying anthropocentrism. Hence, it is concluded that environmental criminal law is clearly based upon an anthropocentrism, but also has non-anthropo¬centric features. Therefore, this thesis then studies how the moral function of criminal law is affected by its features of ethical theories according to which some common practices in society should be considered unethical.

The final part of the thesis looks to the future. Considering the moral function of criminal law, this thesis discusses how environmental criminal law could be constructed on the basis of non-anthropocentrism, looking at the theoretical foundation set out by the thesis. On such a basis environ-mental criminal law would need to protect the lives of other more conscious animals. It would also, more so than it does today, need to regard different individual organisms as part of the greater natural context. When the common practices of society no longer are contrary to the values of non-anthropo¬centrism it is also essential to remove the exception from criminali-sation of harmful behaviors on the basis that they have been allowed by public agencies. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Varje år blir klimat- och miljösituationen på vår planet värre. Mänsklighetens aktiviteter ökar kontinuerligt planetens genomsnitts¬temperatur och globala klimatsystem är satta ur balans. Sammanvävt med klimatkrisen orsakar vi dessutom en massutrotning av arter som idag har nått skrämmande nivåer.

Den här uppsatsen undersöker hur miljöstraffrätten förhåller sig till klimat- och miljökrisen på ett etiskt plan. Med hjälp av miljöetiska teorier utvärderas miljöstraffrättens värdegrunder; hur den etiskt förhåller sig till djur och natur. Särskilt ligger fokus på vad miljöstraffrätten kan sägas erkänna om intrinsikalt värde, dvs. vad som är värdefullt i sig. Tidigt i uppsatsen argumenteras för att den rådande antropocentrismen,... (More)
Varje år blir klimat- och miljösituationen på vår planet värre. Mänsklighetens aktiviteter ökar kontinuerligt planetens genomsnitts¬temperatur och globala klimatsystem är satta ur balans. Sammanvävt med klimatkrisen orsakar vi dessutom en massutrotning av arter som idag har nått skrämmande nivåer.

Den här uppsatsen undersöker hur miljöstraffrätten förhåller sig till klimat- och miljökrisen på ett etiskt plan. Med hjälp av miljöetiska teorier utvärderas miljöstraffrättens värdegrunder; hur den etiskt förhåller sig till djur och natur. Särskilt ligger fokus på vad miljöstraffrätten kan sägas erkänna om intrinsikalt värde, dvs. vad som är värdefullt i sig. Tidigt i uppsatsen argumenteras för att den rådande antropocentrismen, uppfatt¬ningen att endast människan är värdefull i sig, är en förklaring till varför klimat- och miljökrisen har uppstått. Med den uppfattningen som grund undersöks också hur miljöstraffrätten kan förändras för att vila på en icke-antropocentrisk grund.

En central premiss är att straffrätten har en moralisk funktion, vilket redogörs för i uppsatsens bakgrundskapitel. Där klargörs en kedja av kopplingar mellan beteende, etik och straffrätt.

I uppsatsen undersöks först vad miljöetiken säger om människans förhållande till djur och natur, med avsikt att klargöra uppsatsens teoretiska ramverk. Genom att kategorisera ett antal olika miljöetiska teorier som antropo¬centriska, mellangröna eller mörkgröna, blir miljöetiken ett väl hanterbart verktyg för en analys av miljöstraffrätten värdegrunder.

Därefter angrips miljöstraffrätten med målet att klargöra vilka värdegrunder den vilar på. Inledningsvis kommenteras vilka värdegrunder som ligger i fokus när straffrätten i allmänhet diskuteras, följt av en djupare under-sökning av vilka miljöetiska överväganden som miljörätten är avsedd att värna om. Båda har ett tydligt antropocentriskt fokus. Vidare analyseras miljö¬straffrätten som sådan, efter en uppdelning i dess kriminaliseringar och påföljder. Vad gäller kriminaliseringarna kan de i sig sägas motsvara krav från både ett antropocentriskt och ett icke-antropocentriskt perspektiv. Vid en analys av vad som inte är kriminaliserat, med fokus på bl.a. vår kött-konsumtion, blir det dock tydligt att miljöstraffrättens kriminaliseringar som helhet endast kan godtas ur ett antropocentriskt perspektiv. Vad gäller miljö-straffrättens påföljdsaspekt dras slutsatsen att den etiskt sett är anmärk-ningsvärt otillräckligt underbyggd. Dess förhållandevis milda straffskalor är dessutom ett tydligt tecken på en bakomliggande antropocentrism. Sett till miljöstraffrätten som helhet dras sammantaget slutsatsen att den tydligt är grundad på en antropocentrism, men med inslag av andra miljöetiska synsätt. Vidare resoneras kring hur straffrättens moraliska funktion påverkas när straffrätten har inslag av etiska teorier som innebär att många idag allmänt vedertagna beteenden egentligen är klandervärda.

I uppsatsens sista del ses till framtiden. Med utgångspunkt i att straffrättens moraliska funktion är viktig i samhället resoneras kring hur en miljö¬straffrätt kan konstrueras utifrån en icke-antropocentrisk grund. Till grund för resonemangen ligger åter uppsatsens teoretiska ramverk, och konkreta kopplingar görs mellan de miljöetiska teorierna och beaktansvärda straff-rättsliga aspekter. Utifrån en icke-antropocentrism hade miljöstraffrätten behövt värna om andra mer medvetna djurs enskilda liv. Den hade också i större utsträckning än idag behövt ta hänsyn till enskilda organismers del i det större naturliga sammanhanget. När allmänt vedertagna beteenden i samhället inte längre står i stark kontrast till värdegrunderna bakom en icke-antropocentrisk miljöstraffrätt är det också centralt att exempelvis ta bort undantaget av beteenden godkända av myndigheter från kriminaliseringarna. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Renell, Erik LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Animals, Nature and the Anthropocentrism of Environmental Criminal Law
course
JURM02 20202
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
straffrätt, miljöstraffrätt, miljörätt, rättsfilosofi, moralfilosofi, miljöetik
language
Swedish
id
9034109
date added to LUP
2021-01-26 10:48:27
date last changed
2021-01-26 10:48:27
@misc{9034109,
  abstract     = {{The environmental and climate crisis deteriorates every year. Human activities keep increasing the average temperature of our planet and as a consequence, global environmental systems have been put out of balance. Simultaneously and intertwined with the climate crisis, human behavior is also causing a mass extinction of species with a terrifying speed.

This thesis investigates how Swedish environmental criminal law deals with the crisis on an ethical level. Using theories of environmental ethics, the ethical foundation of environmental criminal law is studied, with a focus on what it admits regarding intrinsic value, i.e. what is valuable in itself. This thesis argues that the currently predominate view of anthropocentrism, the idea that only humans are valuable by themselves, is a cause of our climate and environmental crisis. Since a central premise for this thesis is that criminal law in general has a moral function, this thesis draws connections between behavior, ethics and criminal law. Therefore, this thesis analyses how environmental criminal law could change in order to rest on a non-anthropo¬centric foundation.

As its first main part, the thesis investigates environmental ethics and its theories regarding the ethical relationship between humankind and nature. Through the categorising of different theories of environmental ethics as either anthropocentric, mid-green or dark green, the field of environmental ethics becomes a manageable tool for analysing the values of environmental criminal law. 

After categorising the theories of environmental ethics, environmental criminal law itself is studied, in an attempt to discover the values it rests upon. Initial comments are made regarding the values of criminal law as a whole, followed by a deeper investigation of the environmental ethical considerations of environmental law. This thesis argues that both are influenced by a clear anthropocentric focus. 

Environmental criminal law is also analysed by looking at both criminali-sation and punishment. Starting with criminalisation, this thesis finds that the construction of crimes within the field of environmental criminal law corresponds to both an anthropocentric and a non-anthropocentric per-spective. Considering, however, what is not criminalised it becomes evident that the criminalisations can only be accepted from an anthropocentric per-spective, especially considering meat production and consumption by humans. Continuing with the punishments, it is clear that the field of environ¬mental criminal law suffers from an underdeveloped ethical reasoning and foundation. Its relatively mild punishments also witness of an underlying anthropocentrism. Hence, it is concluded that environmental criminal law is clearly based upon an anthropocentrism, but also has non-anthropo¬centric features. Therefore, this thesis then studies how the moral function of criminal law is affected by its features of ethical theories according to which some common practices in society should be considered unethical.

The final part of the thesis looks to the future. Considering the moral function of criminal law, this thesis discusses how environmental criminal law could be constructed on the basis of non-anthropocentrism, looking at the theoretical foundation set out by the thesis. On such a basis environ-mental criminal law would need to protect the lives of other more conscious animals. It would also, more so than it does today, need to regard different individual organisms as part of the greater natural context. When the common practices of society no longer are contrary to the values of non-anthropo¬centrism it is also essential to remove the exception from criminali-sation of harmful behaviors on the basis that they have been allowed by public agencies.}},
  author       = {{Renell, Erik}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Djur, natur och miljöstraffrättens antropocentriska struktur - En moralfilosofisk utvärdering av miljöstraffrätten och dess framtid}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}