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Provokativa åtgärder - Om förhållandet mellan svensk rätt och artikel 6 Europakonventionen med fokus på enskildas straffansvar

Nilsson, Kevin LU (2020) JURM02 20202
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Provokationer eller provokativa åtgärder är en kontroversiell polisiär arbetsmetod som innebär att polisen lockar eller utmanar någon till en handling eller ett uttalande som kan vara negativt eller besvärande för denne. Ytterst innebär detta en risk för att staten provocerar enskilda att begå brott vilket är problematiskt på grund av den ojämna fördelningen av resurser mellan staten och enskilda. Provokationer innebär också att flera rättsliga principer ställs på sin spets och det tydligaste uttrycket för detta är då enskildas rättssäkerhet ställs mot statens intresse av att effektivt bekämpa brottslighet och i centrum för denna motsättning står rätten till en rättvis rättegång i art. 6 Europakonventionen.

Då det inte finns någon... (More)
Provokationer eller provokativa åtgärder är en kontroversiell polisiär arbetsmetod som innebär att polisen lockar eller utmanar någon till en handling eller ett uttalande som kan vara negativt eller besvärande för denne. Ytterst innebär detta en risk för att staten provocerar enskilda att begå brott vilket är problematiskt på grund av den ojämna fördelningen av resurser mellan staten och enskilda. Provokationer innebär också att flera rättsliga principer ställs på sin spets och det tydligaste uttrycket för detta är då enskildas rättssäkerhet ställs mot statens intresse av att effektivt bekämpa brottslighet och i centrum för denna motsättning står rätten till en rättvis rättegång i art. 6 Europakonventionen.

Då det inte finns någon entydig definition av provokationer och då det saknas direkt reglering i lag utreder framställningen vad provokationer är och under vilka omständigheter svensk polis får företa dem samt vilket ansvar enskilda har för framprovocerade brott och hur detta förhåller sig till art. 6 Europakonventionen. Detta har skett genom att anlägga ett rättssäkerhetsperspektiv och granska gällande rätt i form av lag, förarbeten, doktrin och rättspraxis.

Efter att först ha utrett definitionen av provokationer, kunde det konstateras att dessa tidigare traditionellt delats upp i bevis- respektive brottsprovokationer. Då en enskild provokation kan definieras som bådadera har uppdelningen visat sig vara osäker. Mot bakgrund av detta konstaterar framställningen att uppdelningen är vansklig och förlegad, och att fokus bör vara på hur provokationen faktiskt utförts. När det sedan gäller de polisiära möjligheterna att företa provokationer, kunde det konstateras att dessa har en stark förankring i Europadomstolens praxis på området. Även om fallen rör den provocerades ansvar har svensk rätt i detta avseende utformats efter samma bedömningskriterier där utgångspunkten varit att provokationer ät tillåtna förutsatt att de inte kränker rätten till en rättvis rättegång.

Således har Europarätten haft ett stort inflytande här. Emellertid har det enbart varit möjligt att slå fast generella grundförutsättningar för när provokationer får företas eftersom dessa i praktiken är komplexa och kan se väldigt olika ut. Därtill konstateras även att det finns vissa rättssäkerhetsbrister i utformningen.

Beträffande den provocerades ansvar och förhållandet mellan svensk rätt och art. 6 Europakonventionen har det visat sig att trots den tidigare restriktiviteten i svensk rätt finns det mot bakgrund av utvecklingen i praxis idag goda möjligheter att beakta provokationer i straffmätningen. Vidare bygger svensk rätt nästan uteslutande på Europadomstolens, vilket inneburit att bedömningskriterierna objektiva misstankar och brottsbenägenhet har en central roll i svensk rätt även om det är förfarandet i sin helhet som beaktas.

Förutsatt att provokationen är tillåten påverkar denna dock inte straffmätningen. Om den istället anses ha kränkt art. 6 Europakonventionen är den att betrakta som otillbörlig. En otillbörlig provokation som provocerat fram brott som annars inte skulle begåtts kan innebära att rättvisan oåterkalleligen undergrävts. Om så är fallet är provokationen en bristande materiell straffbarhetsbetingelse och åtalet ska lämna utan bifall.

Även om inget brott provocerats fram kan en provokation vara otillbörlig eftersom den genom hård press otillbörligt provocerat fram bevisning genom att kränka rätten till tystnad och att inte belasta sig själv (som är en del av art. 6 Europakonventionen). I sådana fall anses inte rättvisan ha oåterkalleligen undergrävts, men den fram provocerade bevisningen har ett lågt bevisvärde och provokationen beaktas inom straffmätningen som en förmildrande omständighet (enligt 29 kap. 5 § 8 brottsbalken) och ytterst som ett skäl till påföljdseftergift (29 kap. 6 § brottsbalken). (Less)
Abstract
Entrapment is a method used by the police in which they lure or challenge somebody into an action or a statement that could impact the person negatively. Ultimately, this entails a risk that the government provoke an individual into committing crimes. This is problematic due to the imbalance of resources between the state and an individual and effectively means that several legal principles are challenged in their legitimacy. Because of this, entrapment is a controversial method of work where the rule of law and the right to a fair trial in art. 6 in the European Convention on Human Rights is set against the state’s interest of effectively fighting crime.


Furthermore, there is no standardized definition of entrapment in Swedish law,... (More)
Entrapment is a method used by the police in which they lure or challenge somebody into an action or a statement that could impact the person negatively. Ultimately, this entails a risk that the government provoke an individual into committing crimes. This is problematic due to the imbalance of resources between the state and an individual and effectively means that several legal principles are challenged in their legitimacy. Because of this, entrapment is a controversial method of work where the rule of law and the right to a fair trial in art. 6 in the European Convention on Human Rights is set against the state’s interest of effectively fighting crime.


Furthermore, there is no standardized definition of entrapment in Swedish law, nor any direct statutory regulations. The thesis therefore examines what constitutes entrapment and under what circumstances Swedish police are allowed to use this method. It also examines to what extend a person who is subject to entrapment is criminally liable, and how this corresponds to the right to a fair trial. This has been done by studying the traditional sources of law.

After having examined the definition, the thesis concludes that entrapment has traditionally been divided into two categories: entrapment inducing somebody to commit a crime and entrapment inducing somebody to expose evidence of a previous or ongoing crime. However, it has not been possible to separate the two and define them since one action of entrapment in practice can constitute both. Therefore, the division is inherently flawed, and it would be more rational to instead examine how the entrapment is executed in the individual case. Regarding the circumstances in which police are allowed to use entrapment, it has been shown that the European Convention on Human Rights has had a big influence on Swedish law regarding when entrapment can be used.

Even though the European Court of Human Rights’ case law primarily concern criminal liability, it has laid the ground for how Swedish law is designed today. However, due to the complex nature of entrapment, it has only been possible to lay out general guidelines for when it can be used.

Lastly, the thesis examines the question of criminal liability and how it corresponds with the right to a fair trial. Even though Swedish courts have traditionally been restrictive in considering entrapment as a mitigating circumstance, recent development has meant a shift in this aspect.
Because of this, Swedish law is now almost entirely based on case law from the European Court of Human Rights, as the criteria they use are the same. This means that in both systems, the main focus is to assess whether the police had objective grounds for suspicion and whether the suspect would have committed the crime without the entrapment. Furthermore, the courts are to examine if the proceedings as a whole were fair.

Given that the entrapment has followed the correct procedure, there is no impact on the criminal liability. However, if it can be shown that the entrapment is undue, this results in the right to a fair trial being violated. An undue entrapment that has induced a person to commit a crime they otherwise would not have committed means that the right to a fair trial has been effectively undermined. This means that one of the basic requisites for criminal liability is not met resulting in that the indictment has to be aborted.


Even if no crime is committed, the entrapment can still be considered undue. This is the case in situations where the police for example has induced the suspect in an undue manner to make statements that violates their right to silence and right not to incriminate oneself, which are both considered to be part of the right to a fair trial. However, the right to a fair trial is not considered effectively undermined but the evidence gained through the entrapment has a low value as evidence and the entrapment will be considered as a mitigation circumstance in the sentencing process. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Nilsson, Kevin LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Entrapment - On the relationship between Swedish law and the right to a fair trial with special focus on criminal liability
course
JURM02 20202
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Straffrätt, criminal law, provokation, provokativa åtgärder, entrapment
language
Swedish
id
9034182
date added to LUP
2021-01-27 12:50:32
date last changed
2021-01-27 12:50:32
@misc{9034182,
  abstract     = {{Entrapment is a method used by the police in which they lure or challenge somebody into an action or a statement that could impact the person negatively. Ultimately, this entails a risk that the government provoke an individual into committing crimes. This is problematic due to the imbalance of resources between the state and an individual and effectively means that several legal principles are challenged in their legitimacy. Because of this, entrapment is a controversial method of work where the rule of law and the right to a fair trial in art. 6 in the European Convention on Human Rights is set against the state’s interest of effectively fighting crime.


Furthermore, there is no standardized definition of entrapment in Swedish law, nor any direct statutory regulations. The thesis therefore examines what constitutes entrapment and under what circumstances Swedish police are allowed to use this method. It also examines to what extend a person who is subject to entrapment is criminally liable, and how this corresponds to the right to a fair trial. This has been done by studying the traditional sources of law.

After having examined the definition, the thesis concludes that entrapment has traditionally been divided into two categories: entrapment inducing somebody to commit a crime and entrapment inducing somebody to expose evidence of a previous or ongoing crime. However, it has not been possible to separate the two and define them since one action of entrapment in practice can constitute both. Therefore, the division is inherently flawed, and it would be more rational to instead examine how the entrapment is executed in the individual case. Regarding the circumstances in which police are allowed to use entrapment, it has been shown that the European Convention on Human Rights has had a big influence on Swedish law regarding when entrapment can be used.

Even though the European Court of Human Rights’ case law primarily concern criminal liability, it has laid the ground for how Swedish law is designed today. However, due to the complex nature of entrapment, it has only been possible to lay out general guidelines for when it can be used.

Lastly, the thesis examines the question of criminal liability and how it corresponds with the right to a fair trial. Even though Swedish courts have traditionally been restrictive in considering entrapment as a mitigating circumstance, recent development has meant a shift in this aspect.
Because of this, Swedish law is now almost entirely based on case law from the European Court of Human Rights, as the criteria they use are the same. This means that in both systems, the main focus is to assess whether the police had objective grounds for suspicion and whether the suspect would have committed the crime without the entrapment. Furthermore, the courts are to examine if the proceedings as a whole were fair.

Given that the entrapment has followed the correct procedure, there is no impact on the criminal liability. However, if it can be shown that the entrapment is undue, this results in the right to a fair trial being violated. An undue entrapment that has induced a person to commit a crime they otherwise would not have committed means that the right to a fair trial has been effectively undermined. This means that one of the basic requisites for criminal liability is not met resulting in that the indictment has to be aborted.


Even if no crime is committed, the entrapment can still be considered undue. This is the case in situations where the police for example has induced the suspect in an undue manner to make statements that violates their right to silence and right not to incriminate oneself, which are both considered to be part of the right to a fair trial. However, the right to a fair trial is not considered effectively undermined but the evidence gained through the entrapment has a low value as evidence and the entrapment will be considered as a mitigation circumstance in the sentencing process.}},
  author       = {{Nilsson, Kevin}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Provokativa åtgärder - Om förhållandet mellan svensk rätt och artikel 6 Europakonventionen med fokus på enskildas straffansvar}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}