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Assessment of mammography screening using clinical and virtual data

Tomic, Hanna LU (2020) MSFT01 20201
Medical Physics Programme
Abstract
Aim: Virtual clinical trials (VCT) in medical imaging can be used to predict the outcome of clinical trials, by simulating anatomy, imaging methods and image interpretation. VCTs could reduce the cost and duration of clinical trials and their dependence on available patients. This thesis is motivated by the limitations in the field of breast cancer screening. The aim of the project is to expand a specific VCT-software, OpenVCT, to support future VCTs and complement the results from the Malmö Breast Tomosynthesis Screening Trial (MBTST). The virtual patients and tumours currently simulated in OpenVCT need to be further improved and assessed, especially when it comes to their progression over time. The foremost objective of this study was to... (More)
Aim: Virtual clinical trials (VCT) in medical imaging can be used to predict the outcome of clinical trials, by simulating anatomy, imaging methods and image interpretation. VCTs could reduce the cost and duration of clinical trials and their dependence on available patients. This thesis is motivated by the limitations in the field of breast cancer screening. The aim of the project is to expand a specific VCT-software, OpenVCT, to support future VCTs and complement the results from the Malmö Breast Tomosynthesis Screening Trial (MBTST). The virtual patients and tumours currently simulated in OpenVCT need to be further improved and assessed, especially when it comes to their progression over time. The foremost objective of this study was to initiate a simulation of breast tumour growth and to implement growing lesions into virtual breast phantoms and thus allow for the simulation of multiple examinations over time. More specifically, a tumour growth model that is based on the characteristics of the Malmö screening population. A secondary objective was to evaluate the tumour growth model in a virtual clinical environment by estimating tumour volume doubling times (TVDT) from virtual mammograms and comparing with the theoretical values of the model.

Material and Methods: The tumour growth model was based on previous studies of TVDT in breast cancer patients in Malmö, Sweden. A gamma probability distribution was fitted to the existing data and a program was developed that randomly samples a TVDT for a virtual breast cancer patient. Based on this, 30 virtual breasts were simulated using simplified tumour characteristics such as spherical lesions and exponential growth functions. The patient age and TVDT was specific for the Malmö population. Two mammograms, at different time points, were simulated per patient in order to display the tumour growth. TVDTs were then estimated from the mammograms by having a radiologist measure the lesion size. The estimated TVDTs were compared with their corresponding nominal values.

Results: The initial tumour growth model was successfully implemented, and virtual mammograms were simulated for the 30 patients, depicting tumour growth. The model was estimated to have a mean TVDT of 297 ± 169 days, whereas the sampled virtual patient cohort had 322 ± 217 days. The estimated TVDT from the simulated mammograms had a mean of 306 ± 209 days. The data sets were found to originate from the same distribution as no significant difference was found between them (p>0.54). However, it was observed that the median difference between the sampled and estimated TVDTs was 12 days (IQR = 20.75) and significantly larger than zero (p<0.01). The mean difference between the sampled and estimated TVDTs was 16 ± 57 days. Median differences between the other data sets showed no significant distinction from zero (p>0.64).

Conclusion: The initial tumour growth model displayed high accuracy and reliability when used in a possible virtual clinical trial and showed potential for further development. (Less)
Popular Abstract (Swedish)
Bröstcancer är idag en av de vanligaste cancerformerna hos svenska kvinnor; mer än 1400 avlider varje år till följd av sjukdomen. Ett sätt att reducera dödligheten är genom screeningprogram, där intent ionen är att detektera brösttumörer i ett tidigt stadie med hjälp av en röntgenundersökning som kallas mammografi. Alla kvinnor i åldra rna 40- 74 erb juds därför mammografi i förebyggande syfte, trots att misstanke om sjukdom inte finns.

I Malmö har det utförts stora studier på att vidareutveckla screening till att även innefatta tre-dimensionell bildtagning av bröstet, så kallad brösttomosyntes. Det krävs dock stora resurser för att utföra kliniska studier för att bevisa att bildtagningsmetoden gör nytta. De faktorer som främst spelar... (More)
Bröstcancer är idag en av de vanligaste cancerformerna hos svenska kvinnor; mer än 1400 avlider varje år till följd av sjukdomen. Ett sätt att reducera dödligheten är genom screeningprogram, där intent ionen är att detektera brösttumörer i ett tidigt stadie med hjälp av en röntgenundersökning som kallas mammografi. Alla kvinnor i åldra rna 40- 74 erb juds därför mammografi i förebyggande syfte, trots att misstanke om sjukdom inte finns.

I Malmö har det utförts stora studier på att vidareutveckla screening till att även innefatta tre-dimensionell bildtagning av bröstet, så kallad brösttomosyntes. Det krävs dock stora resurser för att utföra kliniska studier för att bevisa att bildtagningsmetoden gör nytta. De faktorer som främst spelar roll är de ekonomiska och et iska aspekterna då det är en majoritet friska kvinnor som bestrålas. Därför utvecklas nu iden om att utföra virtuella kliniska studier (VCT) där bröstanatomin och bildtagningstekniken datorsimuleras. Detta möjliggör virtuella mammografibilder som efterliknar de verkliga och som det går att utföra kliniska studier på. VCT är ett både snabbt och effektivt komplement till kliniska studier, som inte är beroende av riktiga patienter. Det har dock ännu inte implementerats en modell som innefattar tumörers tillväxt. Detta innebär att det i dagsläget inte är möjligt att simulera kliniska studier över tid, då det saknas information om hur de virtuella tumörerna utvecklas.

I denna studie har en initial modell av tumörtillväxten därför tagits fram och utvärderats i en virtuell klinisk miljö. Modellen baseras på tidigare publicerad klinisk data från Malmö gällande tillväxt hos brösttumörer. I studien simulerades 30 bröst med tumörer, vid två olika tidpunkter som motsvarar två screeningtillfällen. Utifrån de virtuella mammografibilderna kunde den tid som det tar för tumören att dubblera sin storlek (dubbleringstid) att mätas.

Resultaten visade att tumörtillväxtmodellen hade god överenstämmelse med tidigare publicerade data. Vidare visade det sig att simuleringen av tumörtillväxten blev lyckad och att det gick att visuellt följa tumörens utveckling i en simulerad röntgenbild. Modellen hade även god noggrannhet när den testades i en virtuell miljö, då det var små skillnader vad beträffar de ursprungliga och de uppmätta värdena på dubbleringstiden. Även radiologens uppskattning av tumörernas storlek sammanföll väl med den sanna storleken.

I framtiden bör fler tumörtyper utvärderas i liknande studier och modellen vidareutvecklas med grund i mer omfattande klinisk data gällande tumörtillväxt. Studiens resultat lägger grunden för ett nytt och mer realistiskt sätt att modellera cancerfall inom virtuella kliniska studier på mammografi och brösttomosyntes. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Tomic, Hanna LU
supervisor
organization
course
MSFT01 20201
year
type
H2 - Master's Degree (Two Years)
subject
language
English
id
9036068
date added to LUP
2021-01-17 12:58:08
date last changed
2021-01-17 12:58:08
@misc{9036068,
  abstract     = {{Aim: Virtual clinical trials (VCT) in medical imaging can be used to predict the outcome of clinical trials, by simulating anatomy, imaging methods and image interpretation. VCTs could reduce the cost and duration of clinical trials and their dependence on available patients. This thesis is motivated by the limitations in the field of breast cancer screening. The aim of the project is to expand a specific VCT-software, OpenVCT, to support future VCTs and complement the results from the Malmö Breast Tomosynthesis Screening Trial (MBTST). The virtual patients and tumours currently simulated in OpenVCT need to be further improved and assessed, especially when it comes to their progression over time. The foremost objective of this study was to initiate a simulation of breast tumour growth and to implement growing lesions into virtual breast phantoms and thus allow for the simulation of multiple examinations over time. More specifically, a tumour growth model that is based on the characteristics of the Malmö screening population. A secondary objective was to evaluate the tumour growth model in a virtual clinical environment by estimating tumour volume doubling times (TVDT) from virtual mammograms and comparing with the theoretical values of the model. 

Material and Methods: The tumour growth model was based on previous studies of TVDT in breast cancer patients in Malmö, Sweden. A gamma probability distribution was fitted to the existing data and a program was developed that randomly samples a TVDT for a virtual breast cancer patient. Based on this, 30 virtual breasts were simulated using simplified tumour characteristics such as spherical lesions and exponential growth functions. The patient age and TVDT was specific for the Malmö population. Two mammograms, at different time points, were simulated per patient in order to display the tumour growth. TVDTs were then estimated from the mammograms by having a radiologist measure the lesion size. The estimated TVDTs were compared with their corresponding nominal values.

Results: The initial tumour growth model was successfully implemented, and virtual mammograms were simulated for the 30 patients, depicting tumour growth. The model was estimated to have a mean TVDT of 297 ± 169 days, whereas the sampled virtual patient cohort had 322 ± 217 days. The estimated TVDT from the simulated mammograms had a mean of 306 ± 209 days. The data sets were found to originate from the same distribution as no significant difference was found between them (p>0.54). However, it was observed that the median difference between the sampled and estimated TVDTs was 12 days (IQR = 20.75) and significantly larger than zero (p<0.01). The mean difference between the sampled and estimated TVDTs was 16 ± 57 days. Median differences between the other data sets showed no significant distinction from zero (p>0.64).

Conclusion: The initial tumour growth model displayed high accuracy and reliability when used in a possible virtual clinical trial and showed potential for further development.}},
  author       = {{Tomic, Hanna}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Assessment of mammography screening using clinical and virtual data}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}