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Streaming – en rättslig gråzon? - En utredning av slutanvändarens ansvar vid streaming och bevisanskaffningsmedlet informationsföreläggande

Wärnerup, Jenny LU (2021) JURM02 20211
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
This essay investigates copyright infringement caused by streaming. The research is conducted with a legal dogmatic method and a European legal method. The purpose of the first part of this essay is to examine in which situations temporary reproduction of a copyright-protected work by an end-user in the course of streaming give rise to copyright infringement. The second part aims to examine the rightsholders’ possibilities to intervene against infringement caused by streaming using an order to provide information (information injunction).

Temporary copies are made during streaming as a result of the technical process. Both temporary and permanent reproduction of a work is reserved to the holders of copyright and related rights.... (More)
This essay investigates copyright infringement caused by streaming. The research is conducted with a legal dogmatic method and a European legal method. The purpose of the first part of this essay is to examine in which situations temporary reproduction of a copyright-protected work by an end-user in the course of streaming give rise to copyright infringement. The second part aims to examine the rightsholders’ possibilities to intervene against infringement caused by streaming using an order to provide information (information injunction).

Temporary copies are made during streaming as a result of the technical process. Both temporary and permanent reproduction of a work is reserved to the holders of copyright and related rights. However, the act of reproduction does not constitute an infringement if the act falls within the exception regarding temporary acts of reproduction. The exception contains five cumulative conditions and must be interpreted in light of the three-step test. So far, the European Court of Justice has only ruled on one case concerning end-users’ action during streaming. The Court held that the act did not satisfy the condition “lawful use” and the conditions set out in the three-step test. The ruling was motivated by the fact that the end-user deliberately and in full knowledge accessed unauthorized published works.

It is held in the essay that the condition “lawful use” should not be interpreted as meaning that the source from which the reproduction is made must have become available lawfully. However, an interpretation of “lawful use” in the light of three-step test could entail that the exception is not applicable in situations in which the source from which reproduction is made is unlawful. Streaming could therefore give rise to copyright infringement, nonetheless, infringement assessment must be conducted based on the facts of each case.

The general requirements for granting information injunction do not constitute an obstacle for the injunction’s use in the event of suspected infringement due to streaming. However, the use of the information injunction is problematized as a result of the uncertain legal situation regarding when streaming constitutes an infringement. So far, no application for an injunction has only concerned infringement through streaming. On all accounts, the injunctions field concerned acts of infringement through reproduction and communication to the public. It is uncertain how the proportionality assessment would be made in cases where the suspected infringement consists only of a temporary reproduction of the work. In case law, however, the rightsholder’s right to effective remedies has been given great importance, often at the expense of the privacy interests of the individual.

The decisive factor in the proportionality test seems to be whether the applicant demonstrates a likelihood that someone committed a copyright infringement of a certain extent. In the case of communication to the public, it is clear that the act constitutes an infringement to a certain extent. As a result of technological development, however, infringement through streaming can also result in great damage to rightsholders. It is therefore likely that the right to respect for one’s private and family life also in these cases must be restricted in order to guarantee the right to intellectual property.

In Swedish law, the information injunction is an independent civil remedy. There is no requirement that the application is brought within a civil proceeding. Whether the information obtained through an information injunction is intended to be used in letters of demand for the purpose of reaching an out-of-court settlement is not something that has been given any significant recognition in the court’s assessment of proportionality. The essay also states that the purpose for which the information injunction is requested is not something that should be considered in the proportionality assessment. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Uppsatsen behandlar upphovsrättsliga intrång vid streaming. Utredningen sker med utgångspunkt i en rättsdogmatisk och EU-rättslig metod. Den första delen av uppsatsen syftar till att utreda i vilka situationer som en slutanvändares agerande vid streaming kan utgöra ett intrång. Den andra delen syftar till att behandla rättighetsinnehavarens möjligheter att ingripa mot intrång som sker genom streaming med hjälp av informationsföreläggande.

Vid streaming skapas tillfälliga exemplar som ett resultat av den tekniska process som gör det möjligt att ta del av verket. Det står klart att framställning av tillfälliga exemplar utgör en åtgärd som är förbehållen rättighetsinnehavaren. Agerandet utgör dock inte något intrång om... (More)
Uppsatsen behandlar upphovsrättsliga intrång vid streaming. Utredningen sker med utgångspunkt i en rättsdogmatisk och EU-rättslig metod. Den första delen av uppsatsen syftar till att utreda i vilka situationer som en slutanvändares agerande vid streaming kan utgöra ett intrång. Den andra delen syftar till att behandla rättighetsinnehavarens möjligheter att ingripa mot intrång som sker genom streaming med hjälp av informationsföreläggande.

Vid streaming skapas tillfälliga exemplar som ett resultat av den tekniska process som gör det möjligt att ta del av verket. Det står klart att framställning av tillfälliga exemplar utgör en åtgärd som är förbehållen rättighetsinnehavaren. Agerandet utgör dock inte något intrång om inskränkningsbestämmelsen om framställning av vissa tillfälliga exemplar är tillämplig. Inskränkningen består av fem kumulativa rekvisit och ska tolkas i ljuset av trestegsregeln. EU-domstolen har hitintills endast avgjort ett mål där slutanvändares agerande vid streaming prövats. Domstolen fann i målet att rekvisitet laglig användning samt kraven som följer av trestegsregeln inte var uppfyllda. Den tillfälliga exemplarframställningen kunde därmed inte rättfärdigas med stöd av inskränkningsbestämmelsen. Utfallet i målet motiverades framför allt av det faktum att slutanvändarna hade avsikt att ta del av verken utan rättighetsinnehavarnas tillstånd, samt att slutanvändarna var medvetna om att verken var olagligt publicerade.

I uppsatsen framförs att det inte bör föreligga något generellt krav på att förlagan för kopieringen ska vara lagligen tillgängliggjord för att rekvisitet laglig användning ska vara uppfyllt. Däremot bör rekvisitet laglig användning tolkad i ljuset av trestegsregeln kunna medföra att inskränkningsbestämmelsen inte blir tillämplig i vissa situationer när förlagan är otillåtet tillgängliggjord. En slutanvändare kan således göra sig skyldig till intrång vid streaming, men intrångsbedömningen måste ske utifrån de särskilda omständigheterna i varje enskilt fall.
De allmänna kraven för informationsföreläggandes beviljande utgör inte något hinder mot tillämpning av bevisanskaffningsmedlet vid misstänkta intrång på grund av streaming. Användningen av informationsföreläggande problematiseras dock som ett resultat av det osäkra rättsläget avseende när streaming utgör ett intrång. Hitintills har inte någon ansökan om informationsföreläggande endast berört intrång genom streaming, utan samtliga avgöranden har även rört överföring till allmänheten. Hur proportionalitetsbedömningen skulle göras i fall där det misstänkta intrånget endast utgörs av tillfällig exemplarframställning är därmed osäkert. I rättspraxis har dock rättighetsinnehavarens rätt till effektiva rättsmedel tillmätts en stor betydelse och enskildas integritetsintressen har tvingats stå tillbaka i en omfattande mån.

Den avgörande faktorn för proportionalitetsbedömningen tycks vara om det finns sannolika skäl för intrång av viss omfattning. Vid överföring till allmänheten står det klart att det rör sig om ett intrång av viss omfattning. Till följd av den teknologiska utvecklingen kan dock även intrång genom streaming resultera i stor skada för rättighetsinnehavare. Det är därmed sannolikt att enskildas rätt till integritet även i dessa fall skulle behöva stå tillbaka i syfte att garantera rätten till immateriell egendom.

Informationsföreläggande är i svensk rätt utformad som en självständig civilrättslig sanktion. Det finns inget krav på att ansökan väcks inom ramen för en pågående rättegång. Huruvida informationen erhållen genom ett informationsföreläggande är avsedd att användas i kravbrev i syfte att nå en utomrättslig uppgörelse är inget som har tillmätts någon betydelse vid proportionalitetsbedömningen. I uppsatsen framförs även att vilket syfte som informationsföreläggandet begärs inte är något som bör vägas in vid proportionalitetsbedömningen. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Wärnerup, Jenny LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Streaming – a legal grey area? - An investigation of copyright infringement caused by an end-user in the course of streaming and the information injunction
course
JURM02 20211
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
civilrätt, EU-rätt, förmögenhetsrätt, immaterialrätt, streaming, informationsföreläggande, fildelning
language
Swedish
id
9045877
date added to LUP
2021-06-11 09:42:10
date last changed
2021-06-11 09:42:10
@misc{9045877,
  abstract     = {{This essay investigates copyright infringement caused by streaming. The research is conducted with a legal dogmatic method and a European legal method. The purpose of the first part of this essay is to examine in which situations temporary reproduction of a copyright-protected work by an end-user in the course of streaming give rise to copyright infringement. The second part aims to examine the rightsholders’ possibilities to intervene against infringement caused by streaming using an order to provide information (information injunction). 

Temporary copies are made during streaming as a result of the technical process. Both temporary and permanent reproduction of a work is reserved to the holders of copyright and related rights. However, the act of reproduction does not constitute an infringement if the act falls within the exception regarding temporary acts of reproduction. The exception contains five cumulative conditions and must be interpreted in light of the three-step test. So far, the European Court of Justice has only ruled on one case concerning end-users’ action during streaming. The Court held that the act did not satisfy the condition “lawful use” and the conditions set out in the three-step test. The ruling was motivated by the fact that the end-user deliberately and in full knowledge accessed unauthorized published works. 

It is held in the essay that the condition “lawful use” should not be interpreted as meaning that the source from which the reproduction is made must have become available lawfully. However, an interpretation of “lawful use” in the light of three-step test could entail that the exception is not applicable in situations in which the source from which reproduction is made is unlawful. Streaming could therefore give rise to copyright infringement, nonetheless, infringement assessment must be conducted based on the facts of each case. 

The general requirements for granting information injunction do not constitute an obstacle for the injunction’s use in the event of suspected infringement due to streaming. However, the use of the information injunction is problematized as a result of the uncertain legal situation regarding when streaming constitutes an infringement. So far, no application for an injunction has only concerned infringement through streaming. On all accounts, the injunctions field concerned acts of infringement through reproduction and communication to the public. It is uncertain how the proportionality assessment would be made in cases where the suspected infringement consists only of a temporary reproduction of the work. In case law, however, the rightsholder’s right to effective remedies has been given great importance, often at the expense of the privacy interests of the individual.

The decisive factor in the proportionality test seems to be whether the applicant demonstrates a likelihood that someone committed a copyright infringement of a certain extent. In the case of communication to the public, it is clear that the act constitutes an infringement to a certain extent. As a result of technological development, however, infringement through streaming can also result in great damage to rightsholders. It is therefore likely that the right to respect for one’s private and family life also in these cases must be restricted in order to guarantee the right to intellectual property.

In Swedish law, the information injunction is an independent civil remedy. There is no requirement that the application is brought within a civil proceeding. Whether the information obtained through an information injunction is intended to be used in letters of demand for the purpose of reaching an out-of-court settlement is not something that has been given any significant recognition in the court’s assessment of proportionality. The essay also states that the purpose for which the information injunction is requested is not something that should be considered in the proportionality assessment.}},
  author       = {{Wärnerup, Jenny}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Streaming – en rättslig gråzon? - En utredning av slutanvändarens ansvar vid streaming och bevisanskaffningsmedlet informationsföreläggande}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}