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Järnspikar! - Hur regleras en skada som en entreprenör orsakar en sidoentreprenörs entreprenad?

Pettersson, Marielle LU (2021) JURM02 20211
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
According to the main rule in chap. 5 § 1 st. 1 AB 04, the contractor is considered liable in regard to any damage to any part of the contracted work which has not been subject to a handover. This accountability is sometimes referred to as the contractor's object liability. Exceptions can be made in regard to the contractor's object liability in such instances where a damage might be considered to occur due to the employer, when such damage is considered as a consequential result of the employer's use of a part of the contracted works not yet subjected to a handover or if a damage is considered to have occurred due to force majeure. In such cases, the contractor is not considered as liable for said damage which, among other things, means... (More)
According to the main rule in chap. 5 § 1 st. 1 AB 04, the contractor is considered liable in regard to any damage to any part of the contracted work which has not been subject to a handover. This accountability is sometimes referred to as the contractor's object liability. Exceptions can be made in regard to the contractor's object liability in such instances where a damage might be considered to occur due to the employer, when such damage is considered as a consequential result of the employer's use of a part of the contracted works not yet subjected to a handover or if a damage is considered to have occurred due to force majeure. In such cases, the contractor is not considered as liable for said damage which, among other things, means that said damage, at the point of final inspection is not considered as a fault of the contracted work in regards to the contractor’s liability. Should the employer subsequently desire the contractor to address such damage, this may be arranged between the two parties as an addition to the contracted work. The responsibility to present any exemption or extenuating circumstances which would invoke an exception to the contractor’s object liability rests solely with the contractor.

In the arrangement between employer and contractor, the distribution of liability in terms of damages and any obligation of financial compensation or restitution is relatively uncomplicated, theoretically speaking. The main challenge which arises in such cases mostly revolve around the question of evidence. For example, the contractor's task of proving that a damage occurred due to the employer is oftentimes a complex and challenging one.

A factor which does make settlement, regarding the distribution of liability when it comes to contracted work, more complex is that the parties involved often entrust additional contractors to carry out different parts of the contracted work. The parties’ liabilities towards one another regarding contractors is regulated in chap. 5 § 12 AB 04.

The impact of chap. 5 § 12 and its relation to AB 04 in general has not been made fully clear from a judicial perspective, but in reviewing a number of legal cases and practice, this thesis has arrived at following: When a contractor hired by a party causes or is responsible for damage to another party's contracted work, regardless of which party hired said contractor, what type of damage that occurred or whether the damage occurred as a result of negligence or carelessness, the original party is considered liable in regards to said damage against the other party just as if they would have caused it themselves.

If a contractor hired by the employer is considered as having caused property damage via carelessness and the employer is not considered complicit in this, the employer is considered as non-liable for damages according to chap. 5 § 12 sentence 2 AB 04. Being noted as an exception means that this sentence should be interpreted restrictively, however. In cases where another contractor causes damage through negligence though, the employer is subsequently considered liable for this damage in regard to the affected contractor as if though he himself had caused it, which means that the damage can be considered as having occurred due to the employer or constitute a consequential result of his use.

In such cases where the employer is considered non-liable for such damages caused by a contractor, the contractor in question shall compensate the affected contractor in accordance with the provisions of the Swedish Tort Liability Act. This means that the contractor receives an unlimited liability in terms of compensation for said damage as well as other costs which may arise as a result of the damage. The employer's obligation to reimburse for any obstacles arising or increased costs as a result of use according to chap. 5 § 2 remains in effect even in this situation.

This thesis thus concludes that there might therefore arise issues in terms of contractual regulations – for example, in regard to whether a specific cost occurrence should be considered an indirect cost as a result of damage occurred and thus carried by the liable contractor, or whether the cost should be considered as an increased cost as a result of use, which the employer must be responsible for according to chap. 5 § 2 AB 04. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Entreprenören bär enligt huvudregeln i kap. 5 § 1 st. 1 AB 04 ansvar för skada på den ej avlämnade delen av entreprenaden. Detta ansvar benämns ibland som entreprenörens objektansvar. Undantag görs från entreprenörens objektansvar i de fall då en skada anses bero på beställaren, då en skada anses vara en följd av beställarens brukande av en ej avlämnad del av entreprenaden eller om en skada anses bero på en, vad jag i uppsatsen benämner som, force majeure-händelse. I dessa fall undgår entreprenören ansvar för skada, vilket innebär till exempel att skadan vid slutbesiktningen inte anses utgöra ett fel i entreprenaden. Vill beställaren att entreprenören ska avhjälpa skadan får avhjälpandet regleras mellan parterna som ett ÄTA-arbete. Det... (More)
Entreprenören bär enligt huvudregeln i kap. 5 § 1 st. 1 AB 04 ansvar för skada på den ej avlämnade delen av entreprenaden. Detta ansvar benämns ibland som entreprenörens objektansvar. Undantag görs från entreprenörens objektansvar i de fall då en skada anses bero på beställaren, då en skada anses vara en följd av beställarens brukande av en ej avlämnad del av entreprenaden eller om en skada anses bero på en, vad jag i uppsatsen benämner som, force majeure-händelse. I dessa fall undgår entreprenören ansvar för skada, vilket innebär till exempel att skadan vid slutbesiktningen inte anses utgöra ett fel i entreprenaden. Vill beställaren att entreprenören ska avhjälpa skadan får avhjälpandet regleras mellan parterna som ett ÄTA-arbete. Det åvilar entreprenören att visa att ett undantag som befriar denne från sitt ansvar för skadan är för handen.

I relationen mellan beställare och entreprenör blir fördelningen av ansvar för skada och eventuell skyldighet att utge ersättning förhållandevis okomplicerad, i vart fall i teorin. Problemet som uppstår härvid rör istället ofta frågan om bevisning. Entreprenörens uppgift att visa att en skada till exempel beror på beställaren är inte sällan okomplicerad i praktiken.

En faktor som gör skadereglering i entreprenader mer komplex är dock att parterna många gånger anlitar (fler) entreprenörer för att utföra delar av arbetet. Parternas ansvar gentemot varandra för bland annat anlitade entreprenörer regleras i kap. 5 § 12 AB 04.

Innebörden av kap. 5 § 12 och dess påverkan på AB 04 i övrigt är inte helt klarlagd, men efter en genomgång av rättsfall och doktrin kommer uppsatsen fram till följande. Då en av part anlitad person, till exempel entreprenör, orsakar en skada på motpartens entreprenad, ansvarar denna part som utgångspunkt för skadan gentemot motparten såsom för egen skada. Detta gäller oaktat vilken av parterna som anlitat entreprenören, vilken sorts skada som inträffat eller om skadan uppkommit genom till exempel oaktsamhet eller vårdslöshet.

Om en av beställaren anlitad entreprenör orsakar en egendomsskada genom vårdslöshet och beställaren inte är medvållande, är beställaren dock fri från ansvar enligt kap. 5 § 12 andra meningen AB 04. Att meningen är ett undantag innebär emellertid att den ska tolkas restriktivt. I de fall en entreprenör orsakar en skada på en sidoentreprenörs entreprenad genom oaktsamhet ansvarar beställaren således för denna skada gentemot den skadelidande entreprenören såsom för egen skada. Det innebär att skadan kan anses bero på beställaren eller utgöra en följd av dennes brukande.

I de fall beställaren är fri från ansvar för skada som anlitad entreprenör orsakat ska den skadevållande entreprenören ersätta den skadelidande entreprenören i enlighet med skadeståndslagens bestämmelser om utomobligatoriskt skadestånd. Det innebär att den skadevållande entreprenören blir obegränsat ersättningsskyldig för såväl skadan som för till exempel annan kostnad till följd av skadan. Beställarens skyldighet att utge till exempel hindersersättning eller ersättning för ökande kostnader till följd av brukande enligt kap. 5 § 2 kvarstår dock även i denna situation.

Uppsatsen konstaterar att det härvid kan uppstå problem med gränsdragningar gällande huruvida till exempel om en kostnad ska anses utgöra annan kostnad till följd av skada och därför bäras av den skadevållande entreprenören, eller om kostnaden ska anses utgöra en ökad kostnad till följd av brukande som beställaren ska ansvara för enligt kap. 5 § 2 AB 04. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Pettersson, Marielle LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
How is a damage that a contractor causes another contractor regulated?
course
JURM02 20211
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
civilrätt, förmögenhetsrätt, entreprenadrätt
language
Swedish
id
9046132
date added to LUP
2021-06-10 10:56:10
date last changed
2021-06-10 10:56:10
@misc{9046132,
  abstract     = {{According to the main rule in chap. 5 § 1 st. 1 AB 04, the contractor is considered liable in regard to any damage to any part of the contracted work which has not been subject to a handover. This accountability is sometimes referred to as the contractor's object liability. Exceptions can be made in regard to the contractor's object liability in such instances where a damage might be considered to occur due to the employer, when such damage is considered as a consequential result of the employer's use of a part of the contracted works not yet subjected to a handover or if a damage is considered to have occurred due to force majeure. In such cases, the contractor is not considered as liable for said damage which, among other things, means that said damage, at the point of final inspection is not considered as a fault of the contracted work in regards to the contractor’s liability. Should the employer subsequently desire the contractor to address such damage, this may be arranged between the two parties as an addition to the contracted work. The responsibility to present any exemption or extenuating circumstances which would invoke an exception to the contractor’s object liability rests solely with the contractor.

In the arrangement between employer and contractor, the distribution of liability in terms of damages and any obligation of financial compensation or restitution is relatively uncomplicated, theoretically speaking. The main challenge which arises in such cases mostly revolve around the question of evidence. For example, the contractor's task of proving that a damage occurred due to the employer is oftentimes a complex and challenging one.

A factor which does make settlement, regarding the distribution of liability when it comes to contracted work, more complex is that the parties involved often entrust additional contractors to carry out different parts of the contracted work. The parties’ liabilities towards one another regarding contractors is regulated in chap. 5 § 12 AB 04.

The impact of chap. 5 § 12 and its relation to AB 04 in general has not been made fully clear from a judicial perspective, but in reviewing a number of legal cases and practice, this thesis has arrived at following: When a contractor hired by a party causes or is responsible for damage to another party's contracted work, regardless of which party hired said contractor, what type of damage that occurred or whether the damage occurred as a result of negligence or carelessness, the original party is considered liable in regards to said damage against the other party just as if they would have caused it themselves.

If a contractor hired by the employer is considered as having caused property damage via carelessness and the employer is not considered complicit in this, the employer is considered as non-liable for damages according to chap. 5 § 12 sentence 2 AB 04. Being noted as an exception means that this sentence should be interpreted restrictively, however. In cases where another contractor causes damage through negligence though, the employer is subsequently considered liable for this damage in regard to the affected contractor as if though he himself had caused it, which means that the damage can be considered as having occurred due to the employer or constitute a consequential result of his use.

In such cases where the employer is considered non-liable for such damages caused by a contractor, the contractor in question shall compensate the affected contractor in accordance with the provisions of the Swedish Tort Liability Act. This means that the contractor receives an unlimited liability in terms of compensation for said damage as well as other costs which may arise as a result of the damage. The employer's obligation to reimburse for any obstacles arising or increased costs as a result of use according to chap. 5 § 2 remains in effect even in this situation.

This thesis thus concludes that there might therefore arise issues in terms of contractual regulations – for example, in regard to whether a specific cost occurrence should be considered an indirect cost as a result of damage occurred and thus carried by the liable contractor, or whether the cost should be considered as an increased cost as a result of use, which the employer must be responsible for according to chap. 5 § 2 AB 04.}},
  author       = {{Pettersson, Marielle}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Järnspikar! - Hur regleras en skada som en entreprenör orsakar en sidoentreprenörs entreprenad?}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}