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The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons - A Silver Lining in the Mushroom Cloud?

Ekvall, Lydia LU (2021) JURM02 20211
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
As the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) entered into force on 22 January 2021, a new legal instrument regulating nuclear weapons entered the international arena. With considerations of the humanitarian and environmental consequences of the use of nuclear weapons, the new Treaty aims for the total elimination of nuclear weapons. In order to accomplish its high ambitions, the Treaty entails far-reaching and comprehensive provisions, as it prohibits all forms of acquisition, use and possession of nuclear weapons. The entry into force of the TPNW undoubtedly raises questions of what impact it will have.
To evaluate the new Treaty’s impact in terms of its substance, one must first examine already established international... (More)
As the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) entered into force on 22 January 2021, a new legal instrument regulating nuclear weapons entered the international arena. With considerations of the humanitarian and environmental consequences of the use of nuclear weapons, the new Treaty aims for the total elimination of nuclear weapons. In order to accomplish its high ambitions, the Treaty entails far-reaching and comprehensive provisions, as it prohibits all forms of acquisition, use and possession of nuclear weapons. The entry into force of the TPNW undoubtedly raises questions of what impact it will have.
To evaluate the new Treaty’s impact in terms of its substance, one must first examine already established international law and the legality of acquiring, using and possessing nuclear weapons. Pertaining to the subject of acquisition, it is mainly regulated by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), which prohibits non-nuclear-weapon State Parties to acquire nuclear weapons. In the analysis of the NPT and its regulation of the acquisition of nuclear weapons it is found that there are some ambiguities in its text and that it does not prohibit proliferation in all instances. Hence, the NPT does not provide a general and absolute prohibition of the acquisition of nuclear weapons.
In analysing the legality of the use of nuclear weapons, the areas of jus ad bellum, international humanitarian law, the right to life under human rights law and international environmental law have been considered. By this examination, it is found that international humanitarian law is applicable in most scenarios where there is a risk for use of nuclear weapons. This area of international law considerably limits the possibilities of lawfully using nuclear weapons. With that said, there is no general and absolute prohibition on this subject either.
In examining the possession of nuclear weapons, it is found that it is fairly unregulated in international law beyond the new Treaty. However, the most central legal instrument relating to this subject is the NPT. The NPT implicitly prohibits possession of nuclear weapons for the non-nuclear-weapon State Parties, as they are prohibited to acquire such weapons. Furthermore, the NPT entails obligations relating to disarmament, which are concluded to not be fulfilled at this moment.
1
Through this analysis of current international law beyond the new Treaty, it is possible to conclude that there are several legal instruments already applicable to nuclear weapons. There are, however, no general and absolute prohibitions on acquisition, use or possession of nuclear weapons. The new TPNW could thus be of significant impact, as it has the potential of ‘filling in several gaps’ of already established law. Nevertheless, to fully evaluate the new Treaty’s impact, one must also consider its legal effect in terms of creating legally binding obligations, and for what states. As only 54 states have ratified the treaty, it could be concluded that the TPNW has a limited legal effect. There is, however, room to argue that the TPNW also entails obligations for Signatory States. Furthermore, the TPNW could affect nuclear policy and laws regulating the weapons in the future. It can thus be concluded that the impact of the TPNW, despite a limited amount of State Parties, is not insignificant. It is deemed likely that more states will ratify the Treaty, and that it has the potential to create change beyond the legal sphere, in world politics. It also contributes to the discourse focusing on the devastating humanitarian consequences of nuclear weapons and signifies that the only way to prevent the use of nuclear weapons is to eliminate them. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Det nya traktatet Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), eller Traktatet om förbud mot kärnvapen, trädde i kraft den 22 januari 2021, och således har ett nytt regelverk trätt in på internationella arenan. Med hänsyn till både konsekvenser för miljön och humanitära konsekvenser syftar det nya traktatet till att totalt eliminera kärnvapen. För att uppnå sina höga ambitioner innehåller traktatet långtgående och omfattande bestämmelser, då det förbjuder alla typer av förvärv, användande och innehav av kärnvapen. Ikraftträdandet av TPNW väcker onekligen frågor om vilken effekt traktatet kommer att ha.

För att fastställa det nya traktatets effekt i förhållande till dess innehåll måste redan etablerad folkrätt undersökas, och... (More)
Det nya traktatet Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), eller Traktatet om förbud mot kärnvapen, trädde i kraft den 22 januari 2021, och således har ett nytt regelverk trätt in på internationella arenan. Med hänsyn till både konsekvenser för miljön och humanitära konsekvenser syftar det nya traktatet till att totalt eliminera kärnvapen. För att uppnå sina höga ambitioner innehåller traktatet långtgående och omfattande bestämmelser, då det förbjuder alla typer av förvärv, användande och innehav av kärnvapen. Ikraftträdandet av TPNW väcker onekligen frågor om vilken effekt traktatet kommer att ha.

För att fastställa det nya traktatets effekt i förhållande till dess innehåll måste redan etablerad folkrätt undersökas, och huruvida det är lagligt att förvärva, använda eller inneha kärnvapen. Förvärv av kärnvapen är främst reglerat av the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), eller Traktatet om icke-spridning av kärnvapen, vilket förbjuder stater utan kärnvapen som är part till traktatet att förvärva dessa vapen. Vid analys av detta traktat och dess föreskrifter kan man utröna vissa otydligheter i dess text och att det inte förbjuder all typ av spridning av kärnvapen. Traktatet erbjuder således inget generellt och absolut förbud vad gäller förvärv av kärnvapen.

I analysen av huruvida det är lagligt att använda kärnvapen undersöks områdena jus ad bellum, internationell humanitärrätt, rätten till liv som mänsklig rättighet och internationell miljörätt. Genom denna undersökning kan det fastställas att internationell humanitärrätt är
tillämplig i de flesta situationer där det finns en risk för användning av kärnvapen. Detta område av folkrätten begränsar möjligheterna för lagligt användande av kärnvapen avsevärt. Trots detta kan det konstateras att det även på detta område finns en avsaknad av ett generellt och absolut förbud.

Innehav av kärnvapen är relativt oreglerat i folkrätten, men det mest centrala regelverket är även på detta område Traktatet om icke-spridning av kärnvapen (NPT). Detta traktat förbjuder indirekt innehav av kärnvapen för de stater som inte har kärnvapen och som är parter till
traktatet, eftersom de inte har några lagliga möjligheter att förvärva vapnen. Vidare innehåller Traktatet om icke-spridning av kärnvapen skyldigheter vad gäller nedrustning, vilka inte uppfylls för tillfället.

Det finns alltså flera regelverk, utöver det nya traktatet, som redan är applicerbara på kärnvapen. Dessa innehåller dock inga generella och absoluta förbud vad gäller förvärv, användande eller innehav av kärnvapen. Följaktligen skulle TPNW kunna ha en betydande effekt, eftersom det erbjuder mer heltäckande bestämmelser. Vid bedömandet av det nya traktatets effekt måste dock även hänsyn tas till dess tillämpningsområde. Eftersom bara 54 stater har ratificerat traktatet hittills kan det konstateras att TPNW har en begränsad rättslig effekt vad gäller skapa rättsligt bindande skyldigheter. Det finns dock utrymme att argumentera för att även stater som endast skrivit under traktatet också har skyldigheter i förhållande till dess innehåll. Vidare skulle TPNW i framtiden kunna påverka kärnkraftspolitiken och de regelverk som reglerar kärnvapen. Trots en begränsad rättslig effekt är det nya traktatet således inte obetydligt. Det bedöms troligt att fler stater kommer att ratificera traktatet, och att det har potential att skapa förändring bortom den juridiska sfären, i världspolitiken. Traktatet bidrar också till diskursen som fokuserar på de förödande humanitära konsekvenserna av användandet av kärnvapen och signalerar att det enda sättet att förhindra framtida användande är att totalt eliminera vapnen. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Ekvall, Lydia LU
supervisor
organization
course
JURM02 20211
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
public international law, nuclear weapons, treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons
language
English
id
9046339
date added to LUP
2021-06-21 10:52:14
date last changed
2021-06-21 10:52:14
@misc{9046339,
  abstract     = {{As the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) entered into force on 22 January 2021, a new legal instrument regulating nuclear weapons entered the international arena. With considerations of the humanitarian and environmental consequences of the use of nuclear weapons, the new Treaty aims for the total elimination of nuclear weapons. In order to accomplish its high ambitions, the Treaty entails far-reaching and comprehensive provisions, as it prohibits all forms of acquisition, use and possession of nuclear weapons. The entry into force of the TPNW undoubtedly raises questions of what impact it will have.
To evaluate the new Treaty’s impact in terms of its substance, one must first examine already established international law and the legality of acquiring, using and possessing nuclear weapons. Pertaining to the subject of acquisition, it is mainly regulated by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), which prohibits non-nuclear-weapon State Parties to acquire nuclear weapons. In the analysis of the NPT and its regulation of the acquisition of nuclear weapons it is found that there are some ambiguities in its text and that it does not prohibit proliferation in all instances. Hence, the NPT does not provide a general and absolute prohibition of the acquisition of nuclear weapons.
In analysing the legality of the use of nuclear weapons, the areas of jus ad bellum, international humanitarian law, the right to life under human rights law and international environmental law have been considered. By this examination, it is found that international humanitarian law is applicable in most scenarios where there is a risk for use of nuclear weapons. This area of international law considerably limits the possibilities of lawfully using nuclear weapons. With that said, there is no general and absolute prohibition on this subject either.
In examining the possession of nuclear weapons, it is found that it is fairly unregulated in international law beyond the new Treaty. However, the most central legal instrument relating to this subject is the NPT. The NPT implicitly prohibits possession of nuclear weapons for the non-nuclear-weapon State Parties, as they are prohibited to acquire such weapons. Furthermore, the NPT entails obligations relating to disarmament, which are concluded to not be fulfilled at this moment.
1
Through this analysis of current international law beyond the new Treaty, it is possible to conclude that there are several legal instruments already applicable to nuclear weapons. There are, however, no general and absolute prohibitions on acquisition, use or possession of nuclear weapons. The new TPNW could thus be of significant impact, as it has the potential of ‘filling in several gaps’ of already established law. Nevertheless, to fully evaluate the new Treaty’s impact, one must also consider its legal effect in terms of creating legally binding obligations, and for what states. As only 54 states have ratified the treaty, it could be concluded that the TPNW has a limited legal effect. There is, however, room to argue that the TPNW also entails obligations for Signatory States. Furthermore, the TPNW could affect nuclear policy and laws regulating the weapons in the future. It can thus be concluded that the impact of the TPNW, despite a limited amount of State Parties, is not insignificant. It is deemed likely that more states will ratify the Treaty, and that it has the potential to create change beyond the legal sphere, in world politics. It also contributes to the discourse focusing on the devastating humanitarian consequences of nuclear weapons and signifies that the only way to prevent the use of nuclear weapons is to eliminate them.}},
  author       = {{Ekvall, Lydia}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons - A Silver Lining in the Mushroom Cloud?}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}