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Utom arbetsgivarens kontroll – en studie av arbetsmiljöansvaret och arbetsskadeförsäkringen då arbetstagaren arbetar hemifrån.

Westergård, Veronica LU (2021) JURM02 20211
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Att arbeta hemifrån har de senaste åren blivit allt vanligare. Inför framtiden spås att den fysiska, ordinarie arbetsplatsen kommer att bli än mindre viktig och att fler kommer att vilja arbeta på distans helt eller delvis. Ett reviderat EU-direktiv ger dessutom småbarnsföräldrar och anhörigvårdare möjlighet att begära att få arbeta på distans av omsorgsskäl. Arbetsmarknadens parter har sedan länge dragit upp riktlinjer för hur ett kollektivavtal på EU-nivå om distansarbete ska genomföras i svensk rätt, i syfte att skapa en konkurrenskraftig ekonomi.

Den svenska arbetsrätten gör i princip ingen skillnad mellan den som arbetar på distans och den som arbetar på sin ordinarie arbetsplats, varför inga större lagregleringar har krävts för... (More)
Att arbeta hemifrån har de senaste åren blivit allt vanligare. Inför framtiden spås att den fysiska, ordinarie arbetsplatsen kommer att bli än mindre viktig och att fler kommer att vilja arbeta på distans helt eller delvis. Ett reviderat EU-direktiv ger dessutom småbarnsföräldrar och anhörigvårdare möjlighet att begära att få arbeta på distans av omsorgsskäl. Arbetsmarknadens parter har sedan länge dragit upp riktlinjer för hur ett kollektivavtal på EU-nivå om distansarbete ska genomföras i svensk rätt, i syfte att skapa en konkurrenskraftig ekonomi.

Den svenska arbetsrätten gör i princip ingen skillnad mellan den som arbetar på distans och den som arbetar på sin ordinarie arbetsplats, varför inga större lagregleringar har krävts för den beskrivna omställningen. Det är dock en sanning med modifikation – eftersom regelverken för arbetsmiljön och arbetsskadeförsäkringen i viss mån skiljer sig åt beroende på var den anställde arbetar.

En viktig del av arbetsrätten utgörs av arbetsmiljörätten, som är en skyddslagstiftning av offentligrättslig karaktär. Arbetsmiljölagen pekar ut arbetsgivaren som ytterst ansvarig och ålägger denne att vidta alla åtgärder som krävs för att undvika ohälsa och olyckor. Arbetsmiljöansvaret gäller på samma sätt då arbetstagaren arbetar hemifrån. Lagen anger också att arbetstagaren ska samverka med arbetsgivaren och att denne har en arbetsmiljörättslig aktivitetsplikt för egen del.

I Arbetsmiljöverkets reviderade föreskrift om arbetsplatsens utformning (AFS 2020:1) är arbetstagarens hem numera undantaget, då det är utom arbetsgivarens rådighet. Uppsatsen klarlägger vad den nya bestämmelsen innebär för arbetstagarens del och att arbetsgivarens arbetsmiljöansvar inte i någon mån inskränks eller överförs till arbetstagaren, genom att den senare arbetar hemifrån. En arbetsgivare kan inte kräva att få anpassa arbetstagarens hem, men genom ett civilrättsligt avtal med arbetstagaren kan arbetsgivaren få tillträde till och inflytande över arbetsplatsen.

Arbetsmiljöansvaret bottnar historiskt i kraven på arbetarskydd, som väcktes i och med industrialiseringen av Sverige. Det tidiga 1900-talets arbetarskydd omfattade både förebyggande regler och ersättningsregler vid olycksfall. Reglerna undantog dock hemarbete under mycket lång tid – eftersom hemarbetet var utom arbetsgivarens kontroll. Först på 1950-talet kom arbetsskadeförsäkringen att omfatta arbete som utförs i arbetstagarens hem. Än idag gäller en presumtion från 1950-talet om att alla olycksfall som inträffar på arbetsplatsen utgör arbetsolycksfall, medan en olycka som inträffar i arbetstagarens hem kräver ett direkt orsakssamband med arbetsuppgifterna för att godkännas som arbetsskada. Trots att reglerna skiljer sig kraftigt åt beroende på var arbetstagaren utför sitt arbete, kan det inte sägas att reglerna skulle innebära att arbetstagaren är oförsäkrad i sitt arbete.

Regelverken för arbetsmiljön och arbetsskadeförsäkringen har således ett gemensamt historiskt ursprung men saknar idag inbördes koppling. Uppsatsen visar istället att en normkonflikt kommit att uppstå mellan regelverken.

Arbetsgivaren måste utifrån sitt systematiska arbetsmiljöarbete se till att arbetsplatsen är ergonomiskt utformad och att arbetstagaren med jämna mellanrum rör på sig för att undvika belastningsskador. Den som arbetar hemifrån är dock oförsäkrad så snart denne tar en paus från sina huvudsakliga arbetsuppgifter och rör på sig. Det gäller både enligt den allmänna och den kollektivavtalade arbetsskadeförsäkringen. Den som arbetar hemifrån måste därför teckna en individuell olycksfallsförsäkring, för att inte riskera att vara oförsäkrad om en olycka skulle inträffa till följd av pausrörelserna.

Eftersom både arbetsmiljörätten och arbetsskadeförsäkringen utgör skyddslagstiftning för arbetstagaren, är uppsatsens slutsats att någonting behöver göras åt det påvisade problemet. (Less)
Abstract
In recent years working from home has become much more prevalent. It is predicted that the physical, regular workplace will become even less important in the future and that more people will want to work remotely in whole or in part. A revised EU directive gives parents of young children and carers the opportunity to request to work remotely for care reasons. Early on, Sweden’s labour market partners drew up guidelines for how a collective agreement at EU level on telework should be implemented in the Swedish context, in order to create a competitive economy.

Swedish labour law in general does not distinguish between those who work remotely and those who work in their regular workplace, which is why it seems that no major legal... (More)
In recent years working from home has become much more prevalent. It is predicted that the physical, regular workplace will become even less important in the future and that more people will want to work remotely in whole or in part. A revised EU directive gives parents of young children and carers the opportunity to request to work remotely for care reasons. Early on, Sweden’s labour market partners drew up guidelines for how a collective agreement at EU level on telework should be implemented in the Swedish context, in order to create a competitive economy.

Swedish labour law in general does not distinguish between those who work remotely and those who work in their regular workplace, which is why it seems that no major legal regulations have been required for the described adjustment. Upon closer examination, however, it is evident that regulations for the work environment and occupational injury insurance differ to some extent, depending on whether an employee works from home or not.

An important part of labour law consists of the law on occupational safety and health, which is a protective legislation of public law. According to The Swedish Work Environment Act, WEA, the employer is ultimately responsible and therefore obliged to take all necessary measures in order to avoid work-related accidents and injuries. Similarly, the employer’s responsibility for occupational safety and health encompasses employees working from home. WEA also states that the employee must cooperate with the employer and is expected to act in accordance with WEA.

In the Swedish Work Environment Authority's revised provision on the formation of the workplace (AFS 2020:1), the employee's home is now excluded, since it is considered beyond the employer's disposal. This essay clarifies what the revised provision means for the employee and emphasizes that the employer's responsibility is in no way reduced or transferred to the employees working from home. An employer cannot demand to be allowed to enter the employee's home, hence it is merely through a civil law agreement with the employee that the employer can access and gain influence over the workplace at home.

In Sweden, the employer’s responsibility for occupational safety and health is historically based on requirements which emerged with the industrialization. Early 20th century occupational safety and health protection included both preventive rules and compensation rules in the event of an accident. However, these rules excluded home-based employees because they were considered beyond the employer’s control. Not until the 1950s did the occupational injury insurance finally cover employees working from home. Even today, there is a presumption from the 1950s that all accidents that occur in the workplace constitute occupational accidents, while an accident that occurs in the employee's home requires a direct causal connection with the work tasks for it to be approved as an occupational injury. Although the rules differ depending on where the employee performs their work, it cannot be said that the rules would mean that the employee is uninsured in his work.

The regulations for the work environment and occupational injury insurance thus share a common historical origin, but have no mutual connection today. This essay shows that a conflict of norms has arisen between the regulations.

Based on the systematic work environment management, the employer must ensure that the workplace is ergonomically designed and that the employee avoids stress-related injuries. However, home-based employees are uninsured as soon as they take a break from their main work tasks. This applies to both the general and the collectively agreed occupational injury insurance. The home-based employee must therefore obtain an individual accident insurance, in order not to risk being uninsured if an accident should occur as a result of the stretching exercises.

Since both the WEA and the occupational injury insurance constitute protection legislation for the employee, this essay concludes that this is a problem that needs to be resolved. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Westergård, Veronica LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Beyond the employer’s control. An essay on occupational safety and health and occupational injury insurance when the employee works remotely.
course
JURM02 20211
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
arbetsrätt, skadeståndsrätt, hemarbete, distansarbete, arbetsmiljö, arbetsmiljöansvar, arbetsplatsens utformning, arbetsskadeolycka, arbetsskadeförsäkring labour law, tort law, homework, telework, telecommuting, remote wor, employer’s responsibility for occupational safety and health, safety and health at workplace, work environment, formation of the workplace, workrelated injuries, occupational damage, occupational injury insurance
language
Swedish
id
9046477
date added to LUP
2021-06-09 12:30:19
date last changed
2021-06-09 12:30:19
@misc{9046477,
  abstract     = {{In recent years working from home has become much more prevalent. It is predicted that the physical, regular workplace will become even less important in the future and that more people will want to work remotely in whole or in part. A revised EU directive gives parents of young children and carers the opportunity to request to work remotely for care reasons. Early on, Sweden’s labour market partners drew up guidelines for how a collective agreement at EU level on telework should be implemented in the Swedish context, in order to create a competitive economy.

Swedish labour law in general does not distinguish between those who work remotely and those who work in their regular workplace, which is why it seems that no major legal regulations have been required for the described adjustment. Upon closer examination, however, it is evident that regulations for the work environment and occupational injury insurance differ to some extent, depending on whether an employee works from home or not. 

An important part of labour law consists of the law on occupational safety and health, which is a protective legislation of public law. According to The Swedish Work Environment Act, WEA, the employer is ultimately responsible and therefore obliged to take all necessary measures in order to avoid work-related accidents and injuries. Similarly, the employer’s responsibility for occupational safety and health encompasses employees working from home. WEA also states that the employee must cooperate with the employer and is expected to act in accordance with WEA.

In the Swedish Work Environment Authority's revised provision on the formation of the workplace (AFS 2020:1), the employee's home is now excluded, since it is considered beyond the employer's disposal. This essay clarifies what the revised provision means for the employee and emphasizes that the employer's responsibility is in no way reduced or transferred to the employees working from home. An employer cannot demand to be allowed to enter the employee's home, hence it is merely through a civil law agreement with the employee that the employer can access and gain influence over the workplace at home.

In Sweden, the employer’s responsibility for occupational safety and health is historically based on requirements which emerged with the industrialization. Early 20th century occupational safety and health protection included both preventive rules and compensation rules in the event of an accident. However, these rules excluded home-based employees because they were considered beyond the employer’s control. Not until the 1950s did the occupational injury insurance finally cover employees working from home. Even today, there is a presumption from the 1950s that all accidents that occur in the workplace constitute occupational accidents, while an accident that occurs in the employee's home requires a direct causal connection with the work tasks for it to be approved as an occupational injury. Although the rules differ depending on where the employee performs their work, it cannot be said that the rules would mean that the employee is uninsured in his work.

The regulations for the work environment and occupational injury insurance thus share a common historical origin, but have no mutual connection today. This essay shows that a conflict of norms has arisen between the regulations. 

Based on the systematic work environment management, the employer must ensure that the workplace is ergonomically designed and that the employee avoids stress-related injuries. However, home-based employees are uninsured as soon as they take a break from their main work tasks. This applies to both the general and the collectively agreed occupational injury insurance. The home-based employee must therefore obtain an individual accident insurance, in order not to risk being uninsured if an accident should occur as a result of the stretching exercises. 

Since both the WEA and the occupational injury insurance constitute protection legislation for the employee, this essay concludes that this is a problem that needs to be resolved.}},
  author       = {{Westergård, Veronica}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Utom arbetsgivarens kontroll – en studie av arbetsmiljöansvaret och arbetsskadeförsäkringen då arbetstagaren arbetar hemifrån.}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}