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Sekretessens gränser - En undersökning av informationsutlämnanden av konfidentiell information i samband med företagsbesiktningar

Frykenholt, Erik LU (2021) JURM02 20211
Faculty of Law
Department of Law
Abstract
As a limited company is subject to an acquisition several legal issues arise. In connection with the acquisition the buyer should therefore carry out a due diligence before the transaction is completed. Both the seller and the buyer have an interest of that the target company is sharing valuable information, which could be confidential, in order to make a correct valuation of the target company. Thus, the question arise about how the target company should handle non-disclosure agreements, which have been entered into with third parties, in relation to the due diligence.

Throughout this paper a practical perspective is applied on the legal prerequisites for disclosure of confidential information in relation to a due diligence. The... (More)
As a limited company is subject to an acquisition several legal issues arise. In connection with the acquisition the buyer should therefore carry out a due diligence before the transaction is completed. Both the seller and the buyer have an interest of that the target company is sharing valuable information, which could be confidential, in order to make a correct valuation of the target company. Thus, the question arise about how the target company should handle non-disclosure agreements, which have been entered into with third parties, in relation to the due diligence.

Throughout this paper a practical perspective is applied on the legal prerequisites for disclosure of confidential information in relation to a due diligence. The non-disclosure clauses, which are being examined, are gathered from standard-form contracts and template agreements frequently used by lawyers and other actors within the Swedish trade and industry.

Company acquisitions holds an important role in the renewal of the economy and is based on the legal principle of the free transferability of shares. The company acquisition process is often complex without any predetermined course of action. Common to most acquisitions are that a due diligence is conducted to identify and cure potential risks, as well as obtaining a correct valuation of the target company. The due diligence is closely connected to the obligation to examine the goods according to the Sale of Goods Act, or the caveat emptor principle, although extensive contracts often replaces optional law.

There is no duty of secrecy laid down in law that prohibits the target company from disclosing information to the buyer, instead the obligation is derived from non-disclosure agreements. Standardized non-disclosure clauses consists of a general composition without any specific exceptions regarding the current situation. Such clauses have the character of boilerplate-clauses and does not often give enough guidance regarding the parties’ room for maneuver. Only unauthorized disclosure of information is prohibited within the scope of the Protection of Trade Secrets Act (2018:58), and a consideration of interests should be conducted in the individual case. The legal position regarding this consideration of interest in the current situation is yet unclear, but there is a possibility to deem the disclosure of information as justified.

Hence the lack of a duty of secrecy laid down in law, the scope of the non-disclosure clauses is of decisive importance for the permissibility of a disclosure. The parties’ intent with the agreement is of great importance when interpreting contracts, although such an intent is hard to establish regarding standardized clauses. By a reasonable assessment against all relevant interests, an interpretation of contracts may result in the conclusion that disclosures of confidential information without any damages is deemed as justified.

Whether or not any damages occur is relevant regarding if a liability of indemnification could be imposed. Due to the burden of proof and the difficulty to prove the damages existence and size, an action for damages has a small success rate. A penalty clause which imposes liquidated damages at a breach of the agreement may therefore be the only way of getting a reimbursement.

The legal position regarding the current situation must be deemed as unclear.
The subject is a matter of discussion since arguments could be made with opposite conclusions. Specific circumstances during the negotiations of the non-disclosure agreement may be decisive for the scope of the secrecy. Due to that all limited companies could be subject for an acquisition; the question should be addressed at the negotiations in order to give the parties guidance in the current situation. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
I samband med att aktiebolag utbjuds till försäljning ställs en rad olika juridiska spörsmål på sin spets. Inför en företagsöverlåtelse bör köparen genomföra en företagsbesiktning avseende målbolaget innan transaktionen genomförs. Vid denna undersökning har både köparen och säljaren ett intresse av att målbolaget lämnar ut värdefull information, som i vissa fall kan vara konfidentiell, för att göra en korrekt värdering av målbolaget. Däribland uppstår frågan om hur målbolaget ska förhålla sig till sekretessförbindelser som bolaget slutit med andra näringsidkare i sin löpande kommersiella verksamhet, i samband med en företagsbesiktning.

I uppsatsen appliceras ett praktiskt perspektiv på de legala förutsättningarna för att lämna ut... (More)
I samband med att aktiebolag utbjuds till försäljning ställs en rad olika juridiska spörsmål på sin spets. Inför en företagsöverlåtelse bör köparen genomföra en företagsbesiktning avseende målbolaget innan transaktionen genomförs. Vid denna undersökning har både köparen och säljaren ett intresse av att målbolaget lämnar ut värdefull information, som i vissa fall kan vara konfidentiell, för att göra en korrekt värdering av målbolaget. Däribland uppstår frågan om hur målbolaget ska förhålla sig till sekretessförbindelser som bolaget slutit med andra näringsidkare i sin löpande kommersiella verksamhet, i samband med en företagsbesiktning.

I uppsatsen appliceras ett praktiskt perspektiv på de legala förutsättningarna för att lämna ut konfidentiell information vid en företagsbesiktning. De sekretessförbindelser som behandlas är hämtade ur standardavtal och avtalsmallar som förekommer bland verksamma jurister och andra aktörer inom det svenska näringslivet.

Företagsöverlåtelser fyller en viktig funktion inom näringslivets förnyelse och bygger på den aktiebolagsrättsliga grundprincipen om aktiers fria överlåtbarhet. Överlåtelseprocessen är ofta komplex utan någon bestämd form för hur transaktionen ska genomföras, vilket leder till variationer i utförandet. Gemensamt för de flesta transaktioner är dock att en företags-besiktning utförs för att uppmärksamma och bota eventuella risker, samt att göra en korrekt värdering av målbolaget. Företagsbesiktningen är tätt förankrad i den köprättsliga undersökningsplikten, även om dispositiv rätt ofta ersätts av omfattande avtalsregleringar.

I sammanhanget saknas en legal tystnadsplikt för målbolaget, utan denna skyldighet härleds istället från avtalade sekretessförbindelser. Standardiserade sekretessförbindelser är generellt utformade, och saknar uttryckliga undantag för den aktuella situationen. Dylika förbindelser har karaktären av boilerplate-klausuler och ger sällan tillräcklig vägledning i hur parterna ska förhålla sig till avtalet. Inom lag (2018:58) om företags-hemligheters, LFH, tillämpningsområde är endast obehöriga röjanden av företagshemligheter otillåtna, vilket föranleder en intresseavvägning i den enskilda situationen. Rättsläget avseende denna intresseavvägning i den aktuella situationen är ännu oklart, men viss möjlighet finns att bedöma informationsutlämnandet som behörigt.

Till följd av att tystnadsplikten härleds från avtalet är sekretessförbindelsens omfattning avgörande för informationsutlämnandets tillåtlighet. Vid en avtalstolkning av förbindelsen får partsavsikten en central betydelse, men en dylik avsikt besvärlig att fastställa avseende standardiserade avtalsvillkor. Genom en rimlig intresseavvägning mot bakgrund av samtliga relevanta intressen kan en avtalstolkning resultera i att skadelösa informations-utlämnanden bedöms som behöriga.

Förekomsten av skada får även relevans avseende om en ersättnings-skyldighet för målbolaget kan bli aktuell eller inte. Till följd av det svåra bevisläget i den aktuella situationen kan informationsutlämnaren sällan förlita sig på en skadeståndstalan. Därav kan en avtalad ersättningsskyldighet i form av vite få en avgörande betydelse för om en sanktion kan följa ett avtalsbrott eller inte.

Rättsläget avseende den behandlade situationen får bedömas som oklart och argumentationsutrymme finns för motsatta utfall. Enskilda omständigheter vid avtalsförhandlingarna får avgörande betydelse för sekretess-förbindelsernas omfattning. Till följd av att alla aktiebolag kan bli föremål för försäljning bör frågan lyftas vid ingåendet av sekretessförbindelser för att ge vägledning i parternas handlingsutrymme. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Frykenholt, Erik LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
The limits of non-disclosure - A study about disclosure of confidential information in connection to due diligence
course
JURM02 20211
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Associationsrätt, Avtalsrätt, Sekretess, Företagsbesiktning
language
Swedish
id
9062418
date added to LUP
2021-09-07 10:38:46
date last changed
2021-09-07 10:38:46
@misc{9062418,
  abstract     = {{As a limited company is subject to an acquisition several legal issues arise. In connection with the acquisition the buyer should therefore carry out a due diligence before the transaction is completed. Both the seller and the buyer have an interest of that the target company is sharing valuable information, which could be confidential, in order to make a correct valuation of the target company. Thus, the question arise about how the target company should handle non-disclosure agreements, which have been entered into with third parties, in relation to the due diligence. 

Throughout this paper a practical perspective is applied on the legal prerequisites for disclosure of confidential information in relation to a due diligence. The non-disclosure clauses, which are being examined, are gathered from standard-form contracts and template agreements frequently used by lawyers and other actors within the Swedish trade and industry. 

Company acquisitions holds an important role in the renewal of the economy and is based on the legal principle of the free transferability of shares. The company acquisition process is often complex without any predetermined course of action. Common to most acquisitions are that a due diligence is conducted to identify and cure potential risks, as well as obtaining a correct valuation of the target company. The due diligence is closely connected to the obligation to examine the goods according to the Sale of Goods Act, or the caveat emptor principle, although extensive contracts often replaces optional law. 

There is no duty of secrecy laid down in law that prohibits the target company from disclosing information to the buyer, instead the obligation is derived from non-disclosure agreements. Standardized non-disclosure clauses consists of a general composition without any specific exceptions regarding the current situation. Such clauses have the character of boilerplate-clauses and does not often give enough guidance regarding the parties’ room for maneuver. Only unauthorized disclosure of information is prohibited within the scope of the Protection of Trade Secrets Act (2018:58), and a consideration of interests should be conducted in the individual case. The legal position regarding this consideration of interest in the current situation is yet unclear, but there is a possibility to deem the disclosure of information as justified. 

Hence the lack of a duty of secrecy laid down in law, the scope of the non-disclosure clauses is of decisive importance for the permissibility of a disclosure. The parties’ intent with the agreement is of great importance when interpreting contracts, although such an intent is hard to establish regarding standardized clauses. By a reasonable assessment against all relevant interests, an interpretation of contracts may result in the conclusion that disclosures of confidential information without any damages is deemed as justified. 

Whether or not any damages occur is relevant regarding if a liability of indemnification could be imposed. Due to the burden of proof and the difficulty to prove the damages existence and size, an action for damages has a small success rate. A penalty clause which imposes liquidated damages at a breach of the agreement may therefore be the only way of getting a reimbursement. 

The legal position regarding the current situation must be deemed as unclear.
The subject is a matter of discussion since arguments could be made with opposite conclusions. Specific circumstances during the negotiations of the non-disclosure agreement may be decisive for the scope of the secrecy. Due to that all limited companies could be subject for an acquisition; the question should be addressed at the negotiations in order to give the parties guidance in the current situation.}},
  author       = {{Frykenholt, Erik}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Sekretessens gränser - En undersökning av informationsutlämnanden av konfidentiell information i samband med företagsbesiktningar}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}