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Bevisvärderingsmodell för muntliga utsagor - rättsstridigt eller rättssäkert?

Axelsson, Elsa LU (2021) LAGF03 20212
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
I svensk rätt råder fri bevisvärdering. Med fri bevisvärdering menas att domstolen inte är bunden av legala regler om viss metod eller visst tillvägagångssätt när denne värderar bevis. Endast ett fåtal hållpunkter till ledning för domstolen har satts upp i förarbeten, resten lämnas till rättstillämparen att fastställa. Vid bevisvärderingen använder sig domaren av allmänna erfarenhetssatser för att sätta bevisningen i en kontext, i stället för att leta svar i rättskällor som praxis och doktrin. Erfarenhetssatser utgör en generalisering beträffande hur omständigheter vanligen förhåller sig till varandra. Då erfarenhetssatser kan utgöra allt från en naturlag till en fördom kan dess korrekthet och relevans således variera. Vilka... (More)
I svensk rätt råder fri bevisvärdering. Med fri bevisvärdering menas att domstolen inte är bunden av legala regler om viss metod eller visst tillvägagångssätt när denne värderar bevis. Endast ett fåtal hållpunkter till ledning för domstolen har satts upp i förarbeten, resten lämnas till rättstillämparen att fastställa. Vid bevisvärderingen använder sig domaren av allmänna erfarenhetssatser för att sätta bevisningen i en kontext, i stället för att leta svar i rättskällor som praxis och doktrin. Erfarenhetssatser utgör en generalisering beträffande hur omständigheter vanligen förhåller sig till varandra. Då erfarenhetssatser kan utgöra allt från en naturlag till en fördom kan dess korrekthet och relevans således variera. Vilka erfarenhetssatser som tillämpas kan vidare variera sett till domares olika erfarenheter och föreställningar.

Vid bevisvärdering av muntlig utsaga finns en rad etablerade erfarenhetssatser som en domare kan stödja sin bedömning på – exempelvis att en utsaga ska vara lång, detaljrik och sammanhängande för att utsagan ska bedömas som sanningsenlig. Det finns emellertid en viss problematik förenad med tillämpning av dessa etablerade erfarenhetssatser vid bevisvärdering av muntlig utsaga. Problematiken ligger dels i att erfarenhetssatsernas vetenskapliga stöd varierar, dels i det faktum att erfarenhetssatser endast utgör generaliseringar vilka kan sakna tillämplighet i flertalet fall.

En stor del av bedömningen vad avser muntlig utsaga tar avstamp i den hördes trovärdighet och tillförlitlighet. Begreppen ska hållas isär då de tar sikte på skilda faktorer vilka inte ska sammanblandas. Enligt en studie presenterad av Christianson och Ehrenkrona råder emellertid ingen enhetlig uppfattning kring vad begreppen konkret tar sikte på. Vidare är det tämligen vanligt att trovärdighetsbedömningen otillbörligt spiller över på tillförlitlighetsbedömningen, eller att likhetstecken sätts mellan hög trovärdighet och hög tillförlitlighet. Uppsatsen ämnar därför undersöka huruvida en modell för bevisvärdering av muntlig utsaga kan motverka nyss nämnda fenomen. Avstamp tas i den av Schelin presenterade modellen vilken har till syfte att strukturera bevisvärdering vad avser muntlig utsaga.

Av analysen framgår att en modell för bevisvärdering av muntlig utsaga kan minska risken för en alltför skönsmässig och generaliserad bedömning. Ett cirkelresonemang där domstolen anser att hög trovärdighet även indikerar hög tillförlitlighet omöjliggörs genom en modell där de två bedömningar hålls isär. Problematiken kring erfarenhetssatsers säkerhet och riskerna förenade med tillämpning av dessa kvarstår emellertid då det får anses alltför långtgående att även reglera när och hur dessa ska tillämpas. Detta mot bakgrund av principen om en fri bevisvärdering. Således hade en modell för bevisprövning av muntlig utsaga å ena sidan sannolikt ökat rättssäkerheten i vissa avseenden, samtidigt som en modell å andra sidan möjligen är alltför oförenligt med principen om en fri bevisvärdering. (Less)
Abstract
The evaluation of evidence is free in Swedish law. A free evaluation of evidence means that the court is not governed by any legal rules which makes demands on a specific method or procedure while evaluating evidence. In the preparatory work there has only been established a few points of guidance, the rest is left to the legal practitioners to establish. When evaluating evidence, the judge uses common knowledge theorems (“allmänna erfarenhetssatser”). The common knowledge theorems are used to put evidence in a context since the judge while evaluating evidence is not referred to seek guidance in specific sources of law, like case law or legal literature. Common knowledge theorems constitute generalizations about how circumstances usually... (More)
The evaluation of evidence is free in Swedish law. A free evaluation of evidence means that the court is not governed by any legal rules which makes demands on a specific method or procedure while evaluating evidence. In the preparatory work there has only been established a few points of guidance, the rest is left to the legal practitioners to establish. When evaluating evidence, the judge uses common knowledge theorems (“allmänna erfarenhetssatser”). The common knowledge theorems are used to put evidence in a context since the judge while evaluating evidence is not referred to seek guidance in specific sources of law, like case law or legal literature. Common knowledge theorems constitute generalizations about how circumstances usually relate to each other. Since common knowledge theorems may constitute rules of nature as well as prejudices, the correctness and relevance vary. The applied common knowledge theorems can furthermore vary in terms of judges’ different experiences and perceptions.

When evaluating evidence such as oral statements there are several established common knowledge theorems on which a judge can base its assessment on. For an oral statement to be truthful it should be long, detailed, and coherent for example. There are however some difficulties associated with the application of these common knowledge theorems when evaluating oral statements. The difficulties are partly based on the fact that the scientific support varies when it comes to common knowledge theorems, partly because of the common knowledge theorems as generalizations which may lack applicability in various cases.

A major part of the assessment regarding oral statements is based on the credibility and reliability of the person heard. The two words with its assessments must be kept separate since they relate to different factors which should not be commingled. According to a study presented by Christianson and Ehrenkrona there are no homogeneous comprehension among jurists about the specific meaning of the two concepts credibility and reliability. Furthermore, it is fairly common that the credibility assessment unduly affects the reliability assessment, as well as equating high credibility with high reliability. Therefore, this thesis intends to investigate whether a model for the evaluation process of oral statements can counteract the aforementioned phenomena. The investigation is primary based on a model presented by Schelin which aims to structure the evaluation process of oral statements.

In the analysis it is established that a model for evaluating evidence in terms of oral statements may reduce the risk of an assessment too discretionary and generalized. A model where the court must distinguish between on the one hand the assessment of the credibility, and on the other hand the assessment of the reliability, will prohibit mentioned circular reasoning. However, a model which also regulates common knowledge theorems seems to be too far-reaching in the light of the principle of a free evaluation. Thus, a model for the evaluation process of oral statements would, on the one hand, probably increase legal certainly in some respects, while a model on the other hand might be too incompatible with the principle of a free evaluation of evidence. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Axelsson, Elsa LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20212
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
processrätt, erfarenhetssatser, bevisvärderingsmodell
language
Swedish
id
9069970
date added to LUP
2022-02-15 11:29:36
date last changed
2022-02-28 14:35:20
@misc{9069970,
  abstract     = {{The evaluation of evidence is free in Swedish law. A free evaluation of evidence means that the court is not governed by any legal rules which makes demands on a specific method or procedure while evaluating evidence. In the preparatory work there has only been established a few points of guidance, the rest is left to the legal practitioners to establish. When evaluating evidence, the judge uses common knowledge theorems (“allmänna erfarenhetssatser”). The common knowledge theorems are used to put evidence in a context since the judge while evaluating evidence is not referred to seek guidance in specific sources of law, like case law or legal literature. Common knowledge theorems constitute generalizations about how circumstances usually relate to each other. Since common knowledge theorems may constitute rules of nature as well as prejudices, the correctness and relevance vary. The applied common knowledge theorems can furthermore vary in terms of judges’ different experiences and perceptions. 

When evaluating evidence such as oral statements there are several established common knowledge theorems on which a judge can base its assessment on. For an oral statement to be truthful it should be long, detailed, and coherent for example. There are however some difficulties associated with the application of these common knowledge theorems when evaluating oral statements. The difficulties are partly based on the fact that the scientific support varies when it comes to common knowledge theorems, partly because of the common knowledge theorems as generalizations which may lack applicability in various cases. 

A major part of the assessment regarding oral statements is based on the credibility and reliability of the person heard. The two words with its assessments must be kept separate since they relate to different factors which should not be commingled. According to a study presented by Christianson and Ehrenkrona there are no homogeneous comprehension among jurists about the specific meaning of the two concepts credibility and reliability. Furthermore, it is fairly common that the credibility assessment unduly affects the reliability assessment, as well as equating high credibility with high reliability. Therefore, this thesis intends to investigate whether a model for the evaluation process of oral statements can counteract the aforementioned phenomena. The investigation is primary based on a model presented by Schelin which aims to structure the evaluation process of oral statements. 

In the analysis it is established that a model for evaluating evidence in terms of oral statements may reduce the risk of an assessment too discretionary and generalized. A model where the court must distinguish between on the one hand the assessment of the credibility, and on the other hand the assessment of the reliability, will prohibit mentioned circular reasoning. However, a model which also regulates common knowledge theorems seems to be too far-reaching in the light of the principle of a free evaluation. Thus, a model for the evaluation process of oral statements would, on the one hand, probably increase legal certainly in some respects, while a model on the other hand might be too incompatible with the principle of a free evaluation of evidence.}},
  author       = {{Axelsson, Elsa}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Bevisvärderingsmodell för muntliga utsagor - rättsstridigt eller rättssäkert?}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}