Skip to main content

LUP Student Papers

LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Förtäckt värdeöverföring – en aktiebolagsrättslig analys ur ett rättssäkerhetsperspektiv

Lagerström, Philip LU (2021) JURM02 20212
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Denna uppsats ämnar utreda värdeöverföringsbegreppets historia, dess definition samt hur bestämmelserna rörande förtäckta värdeöverföringar förhåller sig gentemot rättssäkerhet. Sedan begreppets introduktion i den svenska aktiebolagslagen har detsamma varit föremål för diskussion. Diverse sakkunniga inom det associationsrättsliga området har både prisat och kritiserat värdeöverföringsbegreppet och dess funktion i lagen.

Aktiebolag som fenomen började växa fram under högmedeltiden som en följd av den växande handeln i Europa. I samband med den kristna oppositionen mot katolicismen och upplysningsidéers framväxt började en ny typ av företagande ta fart. Under den industriella revolutionen började den första aktiebolagslagen i Sverige att... (More)
Denna uppsats ämnar utreda värdeöverföringsbegreppets historia, dess definition samt hur bestämmelserna rörande förtäckta värdeöverföringar förhåller sig gentemot rättssäkerhet. Sedan begreppets introduktion i den svenska aktiebolagslagen har detsamma varit föremål för diskussion. Diverse sakkunniga inom det associationsrättsliga området har både prisat och kritiserat värdeöverföringsbegreppet och dess funktion i lagen.

Aktiebolag som fenomen började växa fram under högmedeltiden som en följd av den växande handeln i Europa. I samband med den kristna oppositionen mot katolicismen och upplysningsidéers framväxt började en ny typ av företagande ta fart. Under den industriella revolutionen började den första aktiebolagslagen i Sverige att skissas på och 1848 tillkom densamma. Innan värdeöverföringsbegreppet introducerades i lagtext benämndes fenomenet som utbetalning. Med anledning av att begreppet gav intryck av att enbart innefatta transaktioner i form av pengar, kom värdeöverföringsbegreppet att införas i lagen.

Det förekommer två typer av värdeöverföringar, öppna- och förtäckta. De öppna omnämns i 17 kap. 1 § 1 st. 1–3 p. aktiebolagslagen (2005:551) och utgörs av vinstutdelning, förvärv av egna aktier och återbetalning till aktieägare vid minskning av aktiekapitalet eller reservfonden. Den mer omdiskuterade typen av värdeöverföring är de förtäckta värdeöverföringarna, vilka omnämns i 17 kap. 1 § 1 st. 4 p. ABL. De tre kumulativa rekvisiten för vad som utgör en förtäckt värdeöverföring är en annan affärshändelse som medför att bolagets förmögenhet minskar och inte har rent affärsmässig karaktär för bolaget. Rekvisiten har länge varit föremål för diskussion i doktrin. Författare inom området menar att rekvisiten är svårtolkade och vaga samt bidrar till en oklarhet kring vilka ageranden som ska anses falla in under rekvisiten.

I de fall där en värdeöverföring företas i enlighet med aktieägarnas beslut, måste även borgenärers situation beaktas. Beloppsspärren i 17 kap. 3 § 1 st. ABL skyddar borgenärer, eftersom bestämmelsen förbjuder ett genomförande av en värdeöverföring om det inte finns full täckning för bolagets bundna egna kapital efter det att överföringen utförts. Denna regel kompletteras med försiktighetsregeln i 17 kap. 3 § 2 st. ABL, vilken uttrycker att en värdeöverföring endast får företas om den framstår som försvarlig. De påföljder som kan aktualiseras vid olovliga värdeöverföringar är primärt en återbäringsskyldighet hos mottagaren av transaktionen i enlighet med 17 kap. 6 § ABL. Sekundärt kan även ett bristtäckningsansvar enligt 17 kap. 7 § ABL aktualiseras.

Utifrån Aleksander Peczeniks definition av rättssäkerhet utreds i vilken utsträckning regelverket rörande förtäckta värdeöverföringar förhåller sig till nämnda princip. Med utgångspunkt i Peczeniks definition av materiell rättssäkerhet, kan konstateras att regelverket innehåller diverse brister, där klargörande och vägledning på området i fråga efterfrågas. En ändring från objektiva bedömningsgrunder till subjektiva bedömningsgrunder är ur ett materiellt rättssäkerhetsperspektiv att föredra. Däremot är regelverket, med dess historia i beaktande, ett steg i rätt riktning, då det skyddar aktieägare och borgenärer från att bli utnyttjade och missgynnade. (Less)
Abstract
The aim of this thesis is to examine the concept of value transfer, its definition and how the regulation regarding disguised value transfers complies with legal certainty. Since its introduction in the Swedish Companies Act, the concept has been a subject of discussion. Various experts within the field of company law have both praised and criticized the concept of value transfer and its function in the law.

Limited companies as a phenomenon started to emerge during the high Middle Ages, as a result of the growing trade in Europe. In conjunction with the Christian opposition against Catholicism and the emergence of Enlightenment ideas, a new type of enterprise started to take off. During the Industrial Revolution, the first Swedish... (More)
The aim of this thesis is to examine the concept of value transfer, its definition and how the regulation regarding disguised value transfers complies with legal certainty. Since its introduction in the Swedish Companies Act, the concept has been a subject of discussion. Various experts within the field of company law have both praised and criticized the concept of value transfer and its function in the law.

Limited companies as a phenomenon started to emerge during the high Middle Ages, as a result of the growing trade in Europe. In conjunction with the Christian opposition against Catholicism and the emergence of Enlightenment ideas, a new type of enterprise started to take off. During the Industrial Revolution, the first Swedish Companies Act was drafted and in the year of 1848 it was enacted into law. Prior to the concept of value transfer’s introduction in the legislation, the phenomenon was referred to as outgoing payment. With the concept defined as a strictly monetary transaction, the concept of value transfer was enacted into law.

There are two types of value transfers: open and disguised. The open ones are defined in Chapter 17 Section 1 Paragraph 1 period 1-3 in the Swedish Companies Act and consists of distribution of profits, acquisition of a company’s own shares and reduction of the share capital, the restricted share premium reserve, or the statutory reserve for repayment to the shareholders. The more controversial type of value transfers are the disguised value transfers, which are defined in Chapter 17 Section 1 Paragraph 1 period 4 in the Swedish Companies Act. The three cumulative requisites for what constitute a disguised value transfer is another business event as a consequence of which the company’s assets are reduced and which is not of a purely commercial nature for the company. The requisites have been the subject of discussion in the doctrine for a long time. Authors within the field declare that the requisites are difficult to interpret, vague and contributes to a confusion of which actions shall fall within the requisites.

In cases where a value transfer is executed in accordance with the shareholders’ decision, the creditors’ situation must also be considered. The amount block rule in Chapter 17 Section 3 Paragraph 1 in the Swedish Companies Act protects creditors, since the statute prohibits transactions that are value transfers if there is not full coverage of the company’s restricted equity after the transaction. This regulation is supplemented with the rule of caution in Chapter 17 Section 3 Paragraph 2 in the Swedish Companies Act, which states that a value transfer may only be executed if it appears to be justifiable. The primary sanction that is relevant in the event of illegal value transfers is the obligation of the receiver of the transaction to return the received value, in accordance with Chapter 17 Section 6 in the Swedish Companies Act. Secondarily, in accordance with Chapter 17 Section 7 in the Swedish Companies Act, a deficient cover liability might also be used.

Based on Aleksander Peczenik’s definition of legal certainty, the thesis examines to what extent the regulations on disguised value transfers relate to the aforementioned principle. With Peczenik’s definition of material legal certainty in mind, the regulations contain various flaws, where clarification and guidance in the field of area is required. A change from objective assessment criteria to subjective assessment criteria is preferable from a perspective of material legal certainty. However, considering its history, the regulation is a step in the right direction, as it protects shareholders and creditors from being exploited and treated unfavorably. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Lagerström, Philip LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Disguised value transfer - a company law analysis from a legal certainty perspective
course
JURM02 20212
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
associationsrätt, förmögenhetsrätt, rättshistoria, rättsvetenskap, värdeöverföring, förtäckt värdeöverföring, öppen värdeöverföring, rättssäkerhet, materiell rättssäkerhet, formell rättssäkerhet
language
Swedish
id
9070120
date added to LUP
2022-01-22 17:24:57
date last changed
2022-01-22 17:24:57
@misc{9070120,
  abstract     = {{The aim of this thesis is to examine the concept of value transfer, its definition and how the regulation regarding disguised value transfers complies with legal certainty. Since its introduction in the Swedish Companies Act, the concept has been a subject of discussion. Various experts within the field of company law have both praised and criticized the concept of value transfer and its function in the law.

Limited companies as a phenomenon started to emerge during the high Middle Ages, as a result of the growing trade in Europe. In conjunction with the Christian opposition against Catholicism and the emergence of Enlightenment ideas, a new type of enterprise started to take off. During the Industrial Revolution, the first Swedish Companies Act was drafted and in the year of 1848 it was enacted into law. Prior to the concept of value transfer’s introduction in the legislation, the phenomenon was referred to as outgoing payment. With the concept defined as a strictly monetary transaction, the concept of value transfer was enacted into law.

There are two types of value transfers: open and disguised. The open ones are defined in Chapter 17 Section 1 Paragraph 1 period 1-3 in the Swedish Companies Act and consists of distribution of profits, acquisition of a company’s own shares and reduction of the share capital, the restricted share premium reserve, or the statutory reserve for repayment to the shareholders. The more controversial type of value transfers are the disguised value transfers, which are defined in Chapter 17 Section 1 Paragraph 1 period 4 in the Swedish Companies Act. The three cumulative requisites for what constitute a disguised value transfer is another business event as a consequence of which the company’s assets are reduced and which is not of a purely commercial nature for the company. The requisites have been the subject of discussion in the doctrine for a long time. Authors within the field declare that the requisites are difficult to interpret, vague and contributes to a confusion of which actions shall fall within the requisites.

In cases where a value transfer is executed in accordance with the shareholders’ decision, the creditors’ situation must also be considered. The amount block rule in Chapter 17 Section 3 Paragraph 1 in the Swedish Companies Act protects creditors, since the statute prohibits transactions that are value transfers if there is not full coverage of the company’s restricted equity after the transaction. This regulation is supplemented with the rule of caution in Chapter 17 Section 3 Paragraph 2 in the Swedish Companies Act, which states that a value transfer may only be executed if it appears to be justifiable. The primary sanction that is relevant in the event of illegal value transfers is the obligation of the receiver of the transaction to return the received value, in accordance with Chapter 17 Section 6 in the Swedish Companies Act. Secondarily, in accordance with Chapter 17 Section 7 in the Swedish Companies Act, a deficient cover liability might also be used. 

Based on Aleksander Peczenik’s definition of legal certainty, the thesis examines to what extent the regulations on disguised value transfers relate to the aforementioned principle. With Peczenik’s definition of material legal certainty in mind, the regulations contain various flaws, where clarification and guidance in the field of area is required. A change from objective assessment criteria to subjective assessment criteria is preferable from a perspective of material legal certainty. However, considering its history, the regulation is a step in the right direction, as it protects shareholders and creditors from being exploited and treated unfavorably.}},
  author       = {{Lagerström, Philip}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Förtäckt värdeöverföring – en aktiebolagsrättslig analys ur ett rättssäkerhetsperspektiv}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}