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Protection of Data in the Context of Big Data

Österström, Henrik LU (2022) LAGM01 20221
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Inom ramen av Big Data och användning av AI-teknik så har vi nu möjlighet att automatisera komplexa uppgifter genom att samla in, dela och behandla inhämtade data. Dataanalys öppnar upp möjligheten att låsa upp enorm potential inom de flesta branscher. Samtidigt råder osäkerhet kring juridiska rättigheter kopplat till ägande av data vilket föranleder att företag väljer att inte delta fullt ut i marknaden för att data-delning. Utifrån denna kontext ämnar denna uppsats undersöka hur data under en Big Data process, från inhämtande av data till analys av data, kan erhålla upphovsrättsskydd under Infosoc-direktivet, upphovsrättsskydd skydd för databaser och som sui generis databas under Databasdirektivet, eller som företagshemligheter under... (More)
Inom ramen av Big Data och användning av AI-teknik så har vi nu möjlighet att automatisera komplexa uppgifter genom att samla in, dela och behandla inhämtade data. Dataanalys öppnar upp möjligheten att låsa upp enorm potential inom de flesta branscher. Samtidigt råder osäkerhet kring juridiska rättigheter kopplat till ägande av data vilket föranleder att företag väljer att inte delta fullt ut i marknaden för att data-delning. Utifrån denna kontext ämnar denna uppsats undersöka hur data under en Big Data process, från inhämtande av data till analys av data, kan erhålla upphovsrättsskydd under Infosoc-direktivet, upphovsrättsskydd skydd för databaser och som sui generis databas under Databasdirektivet, eller som företagshemligheter under företagshemlighetsdirektivet.

Upphovsrättsskydd under Infosoc-direktivet förutsätter ett verk som ger uttryck för upphovsmannens intellektuella skapelse. Idéer och fakta omfattas inte av upphovsrätt. Endast fysiska personer erkänns som upphovsmän. I en big data kontext medför dessa krav problem att skydda inhämtad data eftersom data exempelvis kan ha inhämtas från en digital plattform och utgöra ett upphovsrättsskyddat verk, men skyddet skulle i så fall vara tilldelat användaren snarare än aktören som inhämtar data i syften för dataanalys. Vidare så skulle maskingenererad data som inhämtats genom sensor till största del utgöra fakta och inte omfattas av upphovsrättsskydd. Även dataanalysen kan resultera i mer fakta, och oavsett, skulle en sådan analys endast med svårigheter kunna identifiera en mänsklig upphovsman. Däremot skulle data från dataanalysen kunna analyseras och presenteras i ett uttryck som skulle kunna ses som en intellektuell skapelse.

När det kommer till upphovsrättsskydd i databaser så avser sådant skydd strukturen och arrangemanget av databasen om det anses vara ett uttryck för upphovsmannens egen intellektuella skapelse. Skyddet omfattar således inte data som finns lagrad i databasen och i de flesta fall skulle inte nedladdningar från en digital databas medföra att strukturen kopieras. Sui generis databasskyddet omfattar databaser som har krävt en substantiell investering. Således omfattas ett bredare fång av databaser, men det kan kräva vissa särskilda arrangemang för att falla inom ramen för sådana investeringar eftersom investeringar för att skapa data inte omfattas, utan endast investeringar för att erhålla data.

Slutligen, när det kommer till företagshemlighet, så är det största hindret som måste övervinnas att företagshemligheter inte får vara allmänt kända eller lättillgängliga för kretsen av person som normalt hanterar sådan typ av information, vilket medför att data som funnits publikt tillgänglig inte kan erhålla skydd som företagshemlighet. Däremot för annan typ av data finns det möjligheter att erhålla skydd så länge åtgärder vidtas för att hålla sådan data hemlig. (Less)
Abstract
Within the framework of Big Data and the use of AI technologies we now possess the ability to automate complex tasks through collecting, sharing, and processing the collected data. Analysis of data can unlock enormous potential within most fields. Meanwhile, legal uncertainty in data ownership rights causes businesses to not fully participate in the data sharing market. In this context this thesis focuses on exploring how data during the big data process, from the collection of data to the analysis of the data, can benefit from protection from copyright as intellectual creations under the Infosoc Directive, copyright protection for databases and the sui generis right for databases under the Database Directive, as well as a trade secret... (More)
Within the framework of Big Data and the use of AI technologies we now possess the ability to automate complex tasks through collecting, sharing, and processing the collected data. Analysis of data can unlock enormous potential within most fields. Meanwhile, legal uncertainty in data ownership rights causes businesses to not fully participate in the data sharing market. In this context this thesis focuses on exploring how data during the big data process, from the collection of data to the analysis of the data, can benefit from protection from copyright as intellectual creations under the Infosoc Directive, copyright protection for databases and the sui generis right for databases under the Database Directive, as well as a trade secret under the Trade Secrets Directive.

Copyright protection under the Infosoc Directive is granted for expressions of intellectual creations. Ideas and facts are excluded from the scope of protection. Only natural persons are recognized as authors. In a big data context this will raise issues for protecting collected data since some data may be created on digital platforms and qualify as a work, but the protection would then be vested in the user, rather than the actor collecting data for big data analysis. Furthermore, machine-generated data from sensors readings would for the most part consists of facts that fall outside the scope of protection. The results of data analysis might also consist of facts, but in any case, would struggle to identify a human author in most situations. The most likelihood of protection data would in wrapping the result of data analysis in an expression qualifying as an intellectual creation.

As for copyright protection in databases, it protects the structure and arrangement of a database if it constitutes the author own intellectual creation. This would not protect the data held in the database and in most cases it would hard to copy the structure of a database by extracting the contents thereof. The sui generis database right protects databases that have required a substantial investment. This offers a wider scope of applicability but might require some artificial constructions for a database to fall within the scope, due to excluding investments in creating the data, rather than obtaining the data that constitute the contents of the database.

Finally, regarding protecting data as trade secrets, the main hurdle is that a trade secret cannot be generally known or readily available, which in the case of data often would be the case if the data has been acquired from any publicly available source. For non-publicly available data the Trade Secrets Directive offers scope for protection as long as measures are undertaken to keep the data a secret. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Österström, Henrik LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGM01 20221
year
type
H2 - Master's Degree (Two Years)
subject
keywords
big data, big data ownership, big data protection
language
English
id
9096073
date added to LUP
2022-07-12 08:37:10
date last changed
2022-07-12 08:37:10
@misc{9096073,
  abstract     = {{Within the framework of Big Data and the use of AI technologies we now possess the ability to automate complex tasks through collecting, sharing, and processing the collected data. Analysis of data can unlock enormous potential within most fields. Meanwhile, legal uncertainty in data ownership rights causes businesses to not fully participate in the data sharing market. In this context this thesis focuses on exploring how data during the big data process, from the collection of data to the analysis of the data, can benefit from protection from copyright as intellectual creations under the Infosoc Directive, copyright protection for databases and the sui generis right for databases under the Database Directive, as well as a trade secret under the Trade Secrets Directive.

Copyright protection under the Infosoc Directive is granted for expressions of intellectual creations. Ideas and facts are excluded from the scope of protection. Only natural persons are recognized as authors. In a big data context this will raise issues for protecting collected data since some data may be created on digital platforms and qualify as a work, but the protection would then be vested in the user, rather than the actor collecting data for big data analysis. Furthermore, machine-generated data from sensors readings would for the most part consists of facts that fall outside the scope of protection. The results of data analysis might also consist of facts, but in any case, would struggle to identify a human author in most situations. The most likelihood of protection data would in wrapping the result of data analysis in an expression qualifying as an intellectual creation.

As for copyright protection in databases, it protects the structure and arrangement of a database if it constitutes the author own intellectual creation. This would not protect the data held in the database and in most cases it would hard to copy the structure of a database by extracting the contents thereof. The sui generis database right protects databases that have required a substantial investment. This offers a wider scope of applicability but might require some artificial constructions for a database to fall within the scope, due to excluding investments in creating the data, rather than obtaining the data that constitute the contents of the database.

Finally, regarding protecting data as trade secrets, the main hurdle is that a trade secret cannot be generally known or readily available, which in the case of data often would be the case if the data has been acquired from any publicly available source. For non-publicly available data the Trade Secrets Directive offers scope for protection as long as measures are undertaken to keep the data a secret.}},
  author       = {{Österström, Henrik}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Protection of Data in the Context of Big Data}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}