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A system of weightlessness – Applying the EU general principle of proportionality to secure fundamental rights protection under contemporary EU investment agreements

Andersson, Pontus LU (2022) JURM02 20222
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
At the heart of modern investment law it has since long resided a conflict between extensive investment protection norms and public policy interests of host states. After receiving exclusive competence to conclude international investment agreements governing this interrelation, the EU has tried to cater for those latter objectives through the design of these agreements. Yet in addition to treaty design, promoters of public interests have argued that adjudication on investment treaties must be supplemented by proportionality assessments, to better strike a balance between economic interests of investors and the rights of others. Where a weighting of this sort is performed between fundamental (economic) freedoms and fundamental rights, in... (More)
At the heart of modern investment law it has since long resided a conflict between extensive investment protection norms and public policy interests of host states. After receiving exclusive competence to conclude international investment agreements governing this interrelation, the EU has tried to cater for those latter objectives through the design of these agreements. Yet in addition to treaty design, promoters of public interests have argued that adjudication on investment treaties must be supplemented by proportionality assessments, to better strike a balance between economic interests of investors and the rights of others. Where a weighting of this sort is performed between fundamental (economic) freedoms and fundamental rights, in an intra-EU milieu, Union courts are obliged to employ the general principle of proportionality of EU law. The principle, as it is construed in this context, essentially supplies the level of protection that Union protected fundamental rights require. In light of a lack of any generality as to how proportionality examinations are performed in the realm of investment law, what this thesis examines is therefore whether it is possible to apply the principle (as construed in an EU fundamental rights environment) to assure that the same level of protection is safeguarded when Member States’ rights protective actions are scrutinized not under Union law, but under the international investment law regime.

This operation uses the CETA, and its construct of the investment protection rule of fair and equitable treatment, as indicative of contemporary EU investment policy and by extension its effects on investment law in general. First studied is its fair and equitable treatment clause, to see in what ways proportionality assessments typically can affect investment adjudication. Charted out thereafter is the EU proportionality principle whose theoretical application under such CETA disputes is to be scrutinized. Leaving this information temporarily aside the work then establishes the ways in which external norms, like the Union principle, can affect adjudication on investment protection rules. That blueprint on applicability is finally lain over the CETA alongside its fair and equitable treatment provision, and by the framework that emerges, attempts to apply EU fundamental rights proportionality to investment disputes, concerning the fairness and equitability of EU Member States’ rights protective measures, are conducted.

The results that surface show that once an EU investment treaty has been concluded with a third-country, it can as hierarchically superior to EU law, as does the CETA, exclude the possibility to apply EU fundamental rights proportionality under its disputes. Under the few exceptional circumstances that the norm can be applied, it is moreover exposed to the risk of being used in a manner less rights protective than it would be by Union courts. To secure an EU level of rights protection it is therefore best to make fundamental rights protection a question over which investment tribunals will not adjudicate, and this can be achieved by means of a public policy oriented treaty design. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Inom modern investeringsrätt existerar sedan länge en konflikt mellan extensiva investeringsskyddsregler och värdländers allmänna intressen, och numera
med exklusiv kompetens att sluta de internationella investeringsavtal som tangerar denna motsättning söker EU skydda de senare genom traktatens utformning. Som nödvändigt komplement till sådana konstruktioner menar dock förespråkare för allmänna intressen att investeringstribunaler måste utföra proportionalitetsbedömningar, för att bättre uppnå balans mellan investerares
ekonomiska intressen och rättigheterna hos andra rättssubjekt. När denna typ
av avvägningar görs mellan de fyra (ekonomiska) friheterna och fundamentala
rättigheter, i intern unionsrättslig miljö, är EU-domstolar... (More)
Inom modern investeringsrätt existerar sedan länge en konflikt mellan extensiva investeringsskyddsregler och värdländers allmänna intressen, och numera
med exklusiv kompetens att sluta de internationella investeringsavtal som tangerar denna motsättning söker EU skydda de senare genom traktatens utformning. Som nödvändigt komplement till sådana konstruktioner menar dock förespråkare för allmänna intressen att investeringstribunaler måste utföra proportionalitetsbedömningar, för att bättre uppnå balans mellan investerares
ekonomiska intressen och rättigheterna hos andra rättssubjekt. När denna typ
av avvägningar görs mellan de fyra (ekonomiska) friheterna och fundamentala
rättigheter, i intern unionsrättslig miljö, är EU-domstolar tvungna att använda
sig av EU-rättens allmänna proportionalitetsprincip. Principen, såsom den
konstrueras i denna kontext, fastslår i grunden den nivå av rättighetsskydd som
EU-skyddade fundamentala rättigheter kräver. I ljuset av den bristande generalitet som tynger de proportionalitetsbedömningar som görs inom investeringsrätten, undersöker denna uppsats därför huruvida det är möjligt att tillämpa proportionalitetsprincipen (såsom den utvecklats i relation till EU:s rättighetsskydd) för att på så vis säkra att bedömningar av medlemsstaternas rättighetsskyddande åtgärder genererar samma nivå av skydd när de senare granskas, inte under EU-rätten, men inom ramen för den internationella investeringsrätten.
Som utgångspunkt för detta företag används CETA och dess upplaga av den
investeringsrättsliga rättvise-och skälighetsstandarden, i egenskap av indikatorer
på Unionens nuvarande investeringspolicy och i förlängningen dess avtryck på
investeringsrätten överlag. Inledningsvis studeras avtalets rättvise-och skälighetsstandard, för att se hur proportionalitetsbedömningar kan påverka skiljerättskipning inom investeringsområdet i allmänhet. Därefter konstrueras den
version av den EU-rättsliga proportionalitetsprincipen vars teoretiska tillämplighet inom CETA-tvister ska undersökas. Slutsatserna så långt läggs sedan tillfälligt åt sidan, för att klargöra hur externa normer, såsom EU:s proportionalitetsprincip, kan påverka värderingar av investeringsregler. Slutligen används
denna kunskap specifikt på CETA och dess rättvise-och skälighetsstandard,
och via ramverket som därigenom uppdagas görs försök att tillämpa den rättighetsrelaterade proportionalitetsprincipen på investeringstvister över rättvisan
och skäligheten hos EU-medlemsstaternas rättighetsskyddande åtgärder.
Resultaten som framgår visar att när EU-investeringsavtal, hierarkiskt överlägsna EU-rätten, väl slutits med tredjeland, kan avtalen, såsom CETA gör,
utesluta möjligheten att tillämpa den EU-rättsliga rättighetsproportionaliteten
inom dess tvister. Undantagen från detta klargörande visar vidare att om principen väl tillämpas riskerar denna tillämpning att generera ett sämre rättighetsskydd än vad som hade varit fallet inom Unionen. För att säkra en EU-rättslig skyddsnivå för fundamentala rättigheter är det istället bäst att göra rättighetsskydd till en fråga som investeringstribunaler inte behandlar, och detta kan åstadkommas genom en avtalskonstruktion med det allmänna intresset i fokus. (Less)
Abstract (French)
Il existe au centre du droit de l’investissement contemporain depuis longtemps
un conflit entre les normes de protection de l’investissement extensives et la
politique publique des états hôtes. Ayant reçu une compétence exclusive pour
conclure des traités internationaux à ce sujet, l’UE a essayé de préserver ce
dernier objectif par la conception de ceux-ci. Cependant, il y a des promoteurs
de la politique publique qui pensent qu’il faut compléter cette conception avec
des analyses de proportionnalité, afin de trouver un équilibre meilleur entre les
intérêts économiques des investisseurs et les droits des autres. En considérant
les quatre libertés (économique) et les droits fondamentaux dans un milieu intra-européen, les tribunaux... (More)
Il existe au centre du droit de l’investissement contemporain depuis longtemps
un conflit entre les normes de protection de l’investissement extensives et la
politique publique des états hôtes. Ayant reçu une compétence exclusive pour
conclure des traités internationaux à ce sujet, l’UE a essayé de préserver ce
dernier objectif par la conception de ceux-ci. Cependant, il y a des promoteurs
de la politique publique qui pensent qu’il faut compléter cette conception avec
des analyses de proportionnalité, afin de trouver un équilibre meilleur entre les
intérêts économiques des investisseurs et les droits des autres. En considérant
les quatre libertés (économique) et les droits fondamentaux dans un milieu intra-européen, les tribunaux de l’Union sont obligés d’utiliser le principe général
de proportionnalité du droit communautaire. Le principe, sous sa forme dans
ce contexte, fournit essentiellement le niveau de protection qu’exigent les droits fondamentaux protégés par le droit européen. Puisque le droit de l’investissement n’offre aucune version régnante sur l’application des analyses de proportionnalité, ce mémoire examine en conséquence s’il y a des possibilités
d’appliquer ce principe (comme construit dans l’environnement des droits fondamentaux de l’UE) en vue de maintenir le même niveau de protection qu’il
accorde aux États membres dans des situations intra-européennes, lorsqu’ils
prennent des mesures pour la protection des droits fondamentaux dans le milieu du droit international de l’investissement.

Pour commencer cette analyse, le mémoire se sert de l’AECG et sa construction de la norme du traitement juste et équitable, en qualité d’une représentation du plan d’investissement actuel de l’UE et par surcroît de ces effets sur le
droit de l’investissement en général. Étudiée premièrement est sa clause du traitement juste et équitable, pour voir comment des analyses de proportionnalité
pourraient affecter typiquement les règlements des litiges en matière d’investissement. Ensuite, la structure du principe de proportionnalité du droit communautaire est tracée, dans le but de construire une forme de celle-ci à appliquer
sous les litiges d’AECG. Mettant néanmoins temporairement cette information
de côté, le mémoire établit par la suite les manières dont des normes externes,
e.g. le principe européen, peuvent influencer le règlement sur le droit de l’investissement. Finalement, ce projet d’applicabilité est connecté à l’AECG et sa
disposition du traitement juste et équitable, et suivant le cadre qui apparaît à ce
moment, il tenté d’appliquer le principe de proportionnalité des droits fondamentaux communautaire aux règlements des litiges concernant la justice et
l’équitabilité des mesures prises des États membres pour la protection de ceuxci.

Les résultats qui se présentent montrent qu’au moment où un traité européen
d’investissement a été conclu avec un état tiers, il est, en jouant un rôle supérieur au droit européen comme joue l’AECG, capable d’exclure la possibilité
d’appliquer le principe de proportionnalité du droit communautaire au sein de
ces règlements. Et dans les cas exceptionnels où cette possibilité n’est pas ex5
clue, le principe sera exposé au risque d’être utilisé d’une façon moins respectueuse des droits fondamentaux qu’il serait dans des situations intra-européennes. Donc, afin de garder un niveau de protection des droits égal à ces
dernières, le mieux serait de rendre la protection des droits fondamentaux une
question que des tribunaux d’investissement ne règlent pas. Cet objectif pourrait bien être atteint, au moyen d’une conception de traités étroitement liés à la
politique publique. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Andersson, Pontus LU
supervisor
organization
course
JURM02 20222
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
international investment law, public international law, EU law, comparative law, fundamental rights, proportionality, CETA, fair and equitable treatment, right to regulate
language
English
id
9104427
date added to LUP
2023-01-23 11:36:07
date last changed
2023-01-23 11:36:07
@misc{9104427,
  abstract     = {{At the heart of modern investment law it has since long resided a conflict between extensive investment protection norms and public policy interests of host states. After receiving exclusive competence to conclude international investment agreements governing this interrelation, the EU has tried to cater for those latter objectives through the design of these agreements. Yet in addition to treaty design, promoters of public interests have argued that adjudication on investment treaties must be supplemented by proportionality assessments, to better strike a balance between economic interests of investors and the rights of others. Where a weighting of this sort is performed between fundamental (economic) freedoms and fundamental rights, in an intra-EU milieu, Union courts are obliged to employ the general principle of proportionality of EU law. The principle, as it is construed in this context, essentially supplies the level of protection that Union protected fundamental rights require. In light of a lack of any generality as to how proportionality examinations are performed in the realm of investment law, what this thesis examines is therefore whether it is possible to apply the principle (as construed in an EU fundamental rights environment) to assure that the same level of protection is safeguarded when Member States’ rights protective actions are scrutinized not under Union law, but under the international investment law regime. 

This operation uses the CETA, and its construct of the investment protection rule of fair and equitable treatment, as indicative of contemporary EU investment policy and by extension its effects on investment law in general. First studied is its fair and equitable treatment clause, to see in what ways proportionality assessments typically can affect investment adjudication. Charted out thereafter is the EU proportionality principle whose theoretical application under such CETA disputes is to be scrutinized. Leaving this information temporarily aside the work then establishes the ways in which external norms, like the Union principle, can affect adjudication on investment protection rules. That blueprint on applicability is finally lain over the CETA alongside its fair and equitable treatment provision, and by the framework that emerges, attempts to apply EU fundamental rights proportionality to investment disputes, concerning the fairness and equitability of EU Member States’ rights protective measures, are conducted.

The results that surface show that once an EU investment treaty has been concluded with a third-country, it can as hierarchically superior to EU law, as does the CETA, exclude the possibility to apply EU fundamental rights proportionality under its disputes. Under the few exceptional circumstances that the norm can be applied, it is moreover exposed to the risk of being used in a manner less rights protective than it would be by Union courts. To secure an EU level of rights protection it is therefore best to make fundamental rights protection a question over which investment tribunals will not adjudicate, and this can be achieved by means of a public policy oriented treaty design.}},
  author       = {{Andersson, Pontus}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{A system of weightlessness – Applying the EU general principle of proportionality to secure fundamental rights protection under contemporary EU investment agreements}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}