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Hymenoperationer - En undersökning av tillåtligheten av hymenoperationer med beaktande av kravet på vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet

Stjärnström, Julia LU (2023) JURM02 20231
Faculty of Law
Department of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Uppsatsen utreder vilka regelverk som kan bli tillämpliga på hymenoperationer med syfte att konstatera om hymenoperationer utgör hälso- och sjukvård, estetisk kirurgi eller kvinnlig könsstympning. Klassifikationen har betydelse för ansvarsfrågan och tillåtlighetsfrågan. Oavsett om hymenoperationer utgör hälso- och sjukvård eller estetisk kirurgi måste hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal utföra sitt arbete i överensstämmelse med kravet på vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet enligt 6 kap. 1 § PSL. Detta innebär att hymenoperationer måste stå i överensstämmelse med vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet för att anses tillåtna. Hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal har även ansvar för att bedöma om ingrepp är estetiska eller utgör kvinnlig könsstympning och måste... (More)
Uppsatsen utreder vilka regelverk som kan bli tillämpliga på hymenoperationer med syfte att konstatera om hymenoperationer utgör hälso- och sjukvård, estetisk kirurgi eller kvinnlig könsstympning. Klassifikationen har betydelse för ansvarsfrågan och tillåtlighetsfrågan. Oavsett om hymenoperationer utgör hälso- och sjukvård eller estetisk kirurgi måste hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal utföra sitt arbete i överensstämmelse med kravet på vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet enligt 6 kap. 1 § PSL. Detta innebär att hymenoperationer måste stå i överensstämmelse med vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet för att anses tillåtna. Hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal har även ansvar för att bedöma om ingrepp är estetiska eller utgör kvinnlig könsstympning och måste därför utföra en distinktion mellan ingrepp utifrån kravet på vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet. Hymenoperationer är tillåtna om de utgör estetiska ingrepp, men förbjudna om de utgör kvinnlig könsstympning enligt 1 § lagen med förbud mot könsstympning av kvinnor.
Huruvida hymenoperationer utgör hälso- och sjukvård enligt HSL beror på om ingreppen anses förebygga, utreda eller behandla sjukdom eller skada. Distinktionen mellan hälso- och sjukvård och estetisk kirurgi sker primärt med beaktande av om ingreppen är medicinskt motiverade. För att hymenoperationer ska anses utgöra kvinnlig könsstympning enligt lagen med förbud mot könsstympning av kvinnor måste ingreppen utföras i de kvinnliga yttre könsorganen och ha ett stympande syfte. Distinktionen mellan kvinnlig könsstympning och estetisk intimkirurgi sker med beaktande av förenligheten med vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet. För att hymenoperationer ska anses utgöra estetisk kirurgi enligt lagen om estetiska kirurgiska ingrepp och estetiska injektionsbehandlingar måste ingreppen innefatta kirurgi, ämna förändra utseende och utföras inom yrkesmässig verksamhet.
Hymenoperationer torde emellertid inte utgöra hälso- och sjukvård enligt HSL, då ingreppen inte anses medicinskt motiverade. Hymenoperationer torde inte heller utgöra kvinnlig könsstympning. En strikt bokstavstolkning av innebörden av de kvinnliga yttre könsorganen föranleder att hymenoperationer faller utanför tillämpningsområdet. Det blir därför inte aktuellt att utföra en distinktion mellan lagen med förbud mot könsstympning av kvinnor och lagen om estetiska kirurgiska ingrepp och estetiska injektionsbehandlingar. Hymenoperationer förefaller i stället falla in under lagen om estetiska kirurgiska ingrepp och estetiska injektionsbehandlingar.
Vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet har betydelse för tillåtlighetsfrågan. Uppsatsen utreder därför hur hymenoperationer förhåller sig till kravet. En textanalys utförs med syfte att undersöka tre tolkningar av vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet som blivit identifierade i litteraturen. Tolkningarna uppställer olika förutsättningar för att ingrepp ska anses stå i överensstämmelse med vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet. Den första tolkningen förutsätter att det finns tillräckliga belägg för ingreppets säkerhet och effektivitet, den andra tolkningen förutsätter att den medicinska professionen accepterar ingreppet och den tredje tolkningen förutsätter att ingreppet är moraliskt accepterat. Utifrån de tre tolkningarna av kravet utförs en metaanalys med syfte att undersöka vilka belägg som finns avseende hymenoperationer.
Den första tolkningen beaktas genom en undersökning av vilken säkerhet respektive effektivitet hymenoperationer har. Enligt studierna medför hymenoperationer få komplikationer och åstadkommer ofta det önskade resultatet. Hymenoperationer kan därför inte uppenbart anses stå i strid mot vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet utifrån den evidensbaserade tolkningen. Den andra tolkningen beaktas genom en undersökning av vilken acceptans den medicinska professionen har för utförande av hymenoperationer. Enligt studierna tenderar den medicinska professionen avstå från att utföra ingreppen med hänsyn till bristande säkerhet och resultat. Hymenoperationer borde därför anses stå i strid mot vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet utifrån tolkningen om den medicinska professionens acceptans. Den tredje tolkningen beaktas genom en undersökning av vilken moralisk acceptans som finns för hymenoperationer. Enligt studierna finns det främst etiska argument mot ingreppen, vilket föranleder att hymenoperationer borde anses stå i strid mot vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet utifrån tolkningen om moralisk acceptans.
Uppsatsen utreder frågan om vilken tolkning som är mest förenlig med de rättsliga ändamålen bakom kravet. Det är främst den evidensbaserade tolkningen som möjliggör hänsyn till patientsäkerhet och effektivitet. Slutligen konstateras att avsaknaden av en enhetlig definition av vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet kan förorsaka problem. Problematiken blir tydlig i förhållande till bedömningen av ingrepp som hymenoperationer, där svaret om förenlighet och därmed tillåtlighet varierar beroende på tolkningen av kravet. (Less)
Abstract
This thesis examines the regulatory framework that may be applicable to hymen surgeries with the aim of determining whether hymen surgeries constitute health care, aesthetic surgery or female genital mutilation. The classification is of importance for the questions about liability and admissibility. Regardless of whether hymen surgeries constitute health care or aesthetic surgery, healthcare professionals must perform their work in accordance with the requirement of science and proven experience under Chapter 6, Section 1 of the PSL. This means that hymen surgeries must be in accordance with science and proven experience to be considered admissible. Healthcare professionals are also responsible for assessing whether procedures are... (More)
This thesis examines the regulatory framework that may be applicable to hymen surgeries with the aim of determining whether hymen surgeries constitute health care, aesthetic surgery or female genital mutilation. The classification is of importance for the questions about liability and admissibility. Regardless of whether hymen surgeries constitute health care or aesthetic surgery, healthcare professionals must perform their work in accordance with the requirement of science and proven experience under Chapter 6, Section 1 of the PSL. This means that hymen surgeries must be in accordance with science and proven experience to be considered admissible. Healthcare professionals are also responsible for assessing whether procedures are aesthetic or constitute female genital mutilation and must therefore make a distinction between the procedures based on the requirement of science and proven experience. Hymen surgeries are permitted if they are an aesthetic procedure, but prohibited if they constitute female genital mutilation according to Section 1 of the Act Prohibiting Female Genital Mutilation.
Whether hymen surgeries constitute health care under HSL depends on if the procedures are considered to prevent, investigate, or treat illness or injury. The distinction between health care and aesthetic surgery is primarily based on whether the procedures are medically justified. For hymen surgeries to be considered as female genital mutilation under the Act Prohibiting Female Genital Mutilation, the procedures must be carried out in the female external genitalia and have a mutilating purpose. The distinction between female genital mutilation and aesthetic intimate surgery is based on compatibility with science and proven experience. For hymen surgeries to be considered as aesthetic surgery under the Act on Aesthetic Surgical Procedures and Aesthetic Injection Treatments, the procedures must involve surgery, be intended to alter appearance and be performed in a professional practice.
However, hymen surgeries should not constitute health care under HSL, since the surgeries are not considered medically justified. Nor should hymen surgeries constitute female genital mutilation. A strict literal interpretation of the meaning of the female external genitalia implies that hymen surgeries fall outside the scope of application. It is therefore not necessary to make a distinction between the Act Prohibiting Female Genital Mutilation and the Act on Aesthetic Surgical Procedures and Aesthetic Injection Treatments. Instead, hymen surgeries appear to fall under the Act on Aesthetic Surgical Procedures and Aesthetic Injection Treatments.
Science and proven experience is of importance to the question of admissibility. This thesis therefore investigates how hymen surgeries relate to the requirement. A textual analysis is performed with the aim of examining three interpretations of science and proven experience that have been identified in the literature. The interpretations set different conditions for interventions to be considered in accordance with science and proven experience. The first interpretation presumes that there is sufficient evidence for the safety and effectiveness of the procedure, the second interpretation presumes that the medical profession accepts the procedure, and the third interpretation presumes that the procedure is morally acceptable. Based on the three interpretations of the requirement, a meta-analysis is performed to examine the evidence for hymen surgeries.
The first interpretation is considered by examining the safety and effectiveness of hymen surgeries. According to the studies, hymen surgeries have few complications and often achieves the desired result. Therefore, hymen surgeries cannot be clearly considered contrary to science and proven experience based on the evidence-based interpretation. The second interpretation is considered by examining the acceptance of the medical profession to perform hymen surgeries. According to the studies, the medical profession tends to refrain from performing the procedures due to lack of safety and results. Hymen surgeries should therefore be considered contrary to science and proven experience based on the interpretation of the medical profession’s acceptance. The third interpretation is considered through an examination of the moral acceptability of hymen surgeries. According to the studies, there are primarily ethical arguments against the procedures, which means that hymen surgeries should be considered contrary to science and proven experience based on the interpretation of moral acceptability.
This thesis investigates the question of which interpretation is most compatible with the legal purposes behind the requirement. It is mainly the evidence-based interpretation that enables consideration of patient safety and effectiveness. Finally, it is noted that the lack of a uniform definition of science and proven experience can cause problems. The problems become clear in relation to the assessment of procedures such as hymen surgeries, where the answer on compatibility and thus admissibility varies depending on the interpretation of the requirement. (Less)
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author
Stjärnström, Julia LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Hymen surgeries - A study on the admissibility of hymen surgeries considering the requirement of science and proven experience
course
JURM02 20231
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Förvaltningsrätt
language
Swedish
id
9116518
date added to LUP
2023-06-09 14:00:06
date last changed
2023-06-09 14:00:06
@misc{9116518,
  abstract     = {{This thesis examines the regulatory framework that may be applicable to hymen surgeries with the aim of determining whether hymen surgeries constitute health care, aesthetic surgery or female genital mutilation. The classification is of importance for the questions about liability and admissibility. Regardless of whether hymen surgeries constitute health care or aesthetic surgery, healthcare professionals must perform their work in accordance with the requirement of science and proven experience under Chapter 6, Section 1 of the PSL. This means that hymen surgeries must be in accordance with science and proven experience to be considered admissible. Healthcare professionals are also responsible for assessing whether procedures are aesthetic or constitute female genital mutilation and must therefore make a distinction between the procedures based on the requirement of science and proven experience. Hymen surgeries are permitted if they are an aesthetic procedure, but prohibited if they constitute female genital mutilation according to Section 1 of the Act Prohibiting Female Genital Mutilation. 
Whether hymen surgeries constitute health care under HSL depends on if the procedures are considered to prevent, investigate, or treat illness or injury. The distinction between health care and aesthetic surgery is primarily based on whether the procedures are medically justified. For hymen surgeries to be considered as female genital mutilation under the Act Prohibiting Female Genital Mutilation, the procedures must be carried out in the female external genitalia and have a mutilating purpose. The distinction between female genital mutilation and aesthetic intimate surgery is based on compatibility with science and proven experience. For hymen surgeries to be considered as aesthetic surgery under the Act on Aesthetic Surgical Procedures and Aesthetic Injection Treatments, the procedures must involve surgery, be intended to alter appearance and be performed in a professional practice. 
However, hymen surgeries should not constitute health care under HSL, since the surgeries are not considered medically justified. Nor should hymen surgeries constitute female genital mutilation. A strict literal interpretation of the meaning of the female external genitalia implies that hymen surgeries fall outside the scope of application. It is therefore not necessary to make a distinction between the Act Prohibiting Female Genital Mutilation and the Act on Aesthetic Surgical Procedures and Aesthetic Injection Treatments. Instead, hymen surgeries appear to fall under the Act on Aesthetic Surgical Procedures and Aesthetic Injection Treatments.
Science and proven experience is of importance to the question of admissibility. This thesis therefore investigates how hymen surgeries relate to the requirement. A textual analysis is performed with the aim of examining three interpretations of science and proven experience that have been identified in the literature. The interpretations set different conditions for interventions to be considered in accordance with science and proven experience. The first interpretation presumes that there is sufficient evidence for the safety and effectiveness of the procedure, the second interpretation presumes that the medical profession accepts the procedure, and the third interpretation presumes that the procedure is morally acceptable. Based on the three interpretations of the requirement, a meta-analysis is performed to examine the evidence for hymen surgeries. 
The first interpretation is considered by examining the safety and effectiveness of hymen surgeries. According to the studies, hymen surgeries have few complications and often achieves the desired result. Therefore, hymen surgeries cannot be clearly considered contrary to science and proven experience based on the evidence-based interpretation. The second interpretation is considered by examining the acceptance of the medical profession to perform hymen surgeries. According to the studies, the medical profession tends to refrain from performing the procedures due to lack of safety and results. Hymen surgeries should therefore be considered contrary to science and proven experience based on the interpretation of the medical profession’s acceptance. The third interpretation is considered through an examination of the moral acceptability of hymen surgeries. According to the studies, there are primarily ethical arguments against the procedures, which means that hymen surgeries should be considered contrary to science and proven experience based on the interpretation of moral acceptability.
This thesis investigates the question of which interpretation is most compatible with the legal purposes behind the requirement. It is mainly the evidence-based interpretation that enables consideration of patient safety and effectiveness. Finally, it is noted that the lack of a uniform definition of science and proven experience can cause problems. The problems become clear in relation to the assessment of procedures such as hymen surgeries, where the answer on compatibility and thus admissibility varies depending on the interpretation of the requirement.}},
  author       = {{Stjärnström, Julia}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Hymenoperationer - En undersökning av tillåtligheten av hymenoperationer med beaktande av kravet på vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}