Sportens egen domstol: Hot mot idrottarnas rätt till en rättvis rättegång? - Analys av The Court of Arbitration for Sport i förhållande till art. 6.1 EKMR
(2024) LAGF03 20242Faculty of Law
Department of Law
- Abstract (Swedish)
- Uppsatsen behandlar skiljedomstolen Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) som med sitt säte i Lausanne i Schweiz har varit den huvudsakliga globala skiljedomstolen vid sporträttsliga tvister sedan grundandet 1981. CAS har många fördelar som tex snabba och effektiva avgöranden av skiljedomare med kompetens inom sporträtt, men dess opartiskhet och självständighet har ständigt ifrågasatts genom åren. En del av kritiken avser International Council of Arbitration for Sport (ICAS) som bland annat utser listan på valbara skiljemän till CAS som har medlemmar som till stor del väljs av och har nära kopplingar till idrottsorganisationer och olympiska kommittéer. Huruvida CAS är förenlig med art. 6 EKMR har blivit föremål för diskussion avseende... (More)
- Uppsatsen behandlar skiljedomstolen Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) som med sitt säte i Lausanne i Schweiz har varit den huvudsakliga globala skiljedomstolen vid sporträttsliga tvister sedan grundandet 1981. CAS har många fördelar som tex snabba och effektiva avgöranden av skiljedomare med kompetens inom sporträtt, men dess opartiskhet och självständighet har ständigt ifrågasatts genom åren. En del av kritiken avser International Council of Arbitration for Sport (ICAS) som bland annat utser listan på valbara skiljemän till CAS som har medlemmar som till stor del väljs av och har nära kopplingar till idrottsorganisationer och olympiska kommittéer. Huruvida CAS är förenlig med art. 6 EKMR har blivit föremål för diskussion avseende framför allt kraven på en opartisk och oberoende tribunal etablerad enligt lag som stadgas i art 6.1 EKMR. Detta är också den huvudsakliga frågeställningen och syftet med uppsatsen vilket har uppnåtts genom att undersöka CAS egna regelverk i ljuset av Europadomstolens praxis samt artiklar med ett kritiskt perspektiv i förhållande till CAS och Europadomstolens avgörande som rörde skiljedomstolen. I det stora hela har därför rättsdogmatisk metod används genom att gällande rätt undersökts och analyserats med en kritisk syn på rättspraxis och det nuvarande strukturerna.
I denna uppsats har art. 6.1 EKMR avseende vad som krävs för att en domstol ska anses vara opartisk och oberoende med hänsyn till Europadomstolens praxis undersökts. Bedömning av huruvida en domstol är opartisk innehåller både ett subjektivt perspektiv och ett objektivt perspektiv. För att en domstol ska anses vara oberoende krävs att det inte förekommit någon form av yttre påverkan. En annan aspekt som undersökts närmare är hur påtvingade skiljeförfaranden förhåller sig till art. 6 EKMR. Som huvudregel går det att avtala bort rättigheterna i art. 6 EKMR men om ett skiljeförfarande anses ha en påtvingande karaktär måste skiljedomstolen tillgodose parterna med minimumrättigheterna i artikeln.
Europadomstolen tog ställning i det aktuella frågorna i Mutu and Pechstein v. Switzerland. Domstolen fastställde skiljeförfarandet i CAS i detta fall som påtvingat då klaganden inte haft något annat val än att skriva under för att få utöva sin sport. Domstolen påpekade dessutom att idrottsorganisationerna och olympiska kommittéerna besitter ett visst inflytande i CAS men att det inte är tillräckligt för att påverka skiljemännens opartiskhet och självständighet i det enskilda fallet. Domstolen dömde endast utifrån den subjektiva bedömningen av opartiskheten och inte den objektiva vilket också minoriteten i avgörandet påpekade.
Domstolen tog inte heller ställning till regeln i CAS regelverk som tillåter avsättande av skiljemän från listan utan motivering avseende förbud mot yttre påverkan. Domstolen frångick därför i stora delar sin tidigare praxis vilket innebär att avgörandet kan anses vara ofullständigt och inte övertygande i argumentationen. Som resultat av detta anses det finnas en del brister som från ett objektivt perspektiv kan äventyra CAS opartiskhet och oberoende vilket därför indikerar på att det finns ett behov av reformer för att få mer legitimitet. Det råder däremot osäkerhet om CAS är opartisk och oberoende i den faktiska tvisten då det beror till stor del på förekommande av tydliga motpoler i intressen mellan idrottare på ena sidan och idrottsorganisationer på andra sidan. (Less) - Abstract
- The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) is a global arbitration court which has ruled in sports law since its establishment in 1981. The arbitration court is the main court in sport disputes and acts as the last resort where subjects of sport can appeal decisions from different sport bodies to which they are bound and that includes an arbitration clause to CAS in the relevant statute. Although panels of CAS which accommodates rulings possesses certain competence in sports law in contrast to judges of a state court, the system is far from perfect. One aspect that has been subject to criticism and discussion is whether CAS is compatible with art. 6 of The Europa Convention of Human rights (ECHR) which regulates the right to a fair trial. To... (More)
- The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) is a global arbitration court which has ruled in sports law since its establishment in 1981. The arbitration court is the main court in sport disputes and acts as the last resort where subjects of sport can appeal decisions from different sport bodies to which they are bound and that includes an arbitration clause to CAS in the relevant statute. Although panels of CAS which accommodates rulings possesses certain competence in sports law in contrast to judges of a state court, the system is far from perfect. One aspect that has been subject to criticism and discussion is whether CAS is compatible with art. 6 of The Europa Convention of Human rights (ECHR) which regulates the right to a fair trial. To examine whether CAS is compatible with art.6 ECHR has been the main purpose of the essay. This purpose has been accommodated trough analyzing CAS own regulation in comparison with the jurisprudence of The European Court of Justice and articles with a critical perspective on CAS. The main judgement regarding CAS by the European Court of Justice has also been analyzed. The main method that has been applied is legal dogmatic method through analyzing applicable law with a critical perspective on the Court’s jurisprudence and CAS own regulations.
CAS has mainly been criticized for its close ties with the sport bodies through the closed list of arbitrators which has been chosen mostly by persons representing the sport bodies trough the International Council of Arbitration for Sport (ICAS) which is the body that regulates and runs CAS.
The rights which have been subject to analysis and investigation in this essay surrounds art. 6.1 ECHR which states inter alia the right to an independent and impartial tribunal established by law. The legality of forced arbitration has also been assessed. If an arbitration is considered forced, the rights in art. 6 cannot be waived. The assessment regarding whether a court is impartial contains both a subjective and objective aspect. The concept of an independent court contains a prohibition for a court to be subject to outside pressure.
The European Court of Justice took a stand on the questions a few years ago in the judgement of Mutu and Pechstein v. Switzerland which dealt with inter alia the discussion regarding whether the arbitration of CAS should be defined as forced arbitration and if the arbitration court because of its close connection with the sport bodies can still be regarded as an impartial and independent tribunal established law. The Court qualified the arbitration as forced but that CAS is compatible with art. 6 ECHR although it acknowledged that the sport bodies have a certain influence on the arbitration court but not in a way that would affect the actual dispute. The Court therefore based its judgement only on the subjective part of the assessment regarding if a court is impartial.
The court also omitted to state their view on certain aspects regarding removal of judges without justification by ICAS as well as applying the presumption that a court is impartial if its objectively perceived as impartial. The court therefore departed from its jurisprudence and as stated in this essay the judgement could be regarded as incomplete and unconvincing. The conclusion is therefore made that CAS has certain rules in its code which makes it from an objective point of view perceived as partial and connected to the sport bodies which indicates a need for reforms, but it remains unclear whether there is actual interest in all disputes which split all athletes into one camp and all sport bodies into another which would if it were the case create problems regarding CAS impartiality and independence. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9179109
- author
- Hedberg, Jacob LU
- supervisor
- organization
- course
- LAGF03 20242
- year
- 2024
- type
- M2 - Bachelor Degree
- subject
- keywords
- Processrätt, Idrottsjuridik, Sports Law, Europakonventionen, EKMR, ECHR, arbitration law, skiljemannarätt
- language
- Swedish
- id
- 9179109
- date added to LUP
- 2025-03-20 14:00:44
- date last changed
- 2025-03-20 14:00:44
@misc{9179109, abstract = {{The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) is a global arbitration court which has ruled in sports law since its establishment in 1981. The arbitration court is the main court in sport disputes and acts as the last resort where subjects of sport can appeal decisions from different sport bodies to which they are bound and that includes an arbitration clause to CAS in the relevant statute. Although panels of CAS which accommodates rulings possesses certain competence in sports law in contrast to judges of a state court, the system is far from perfect. One aspect that has been subject to criticism and discussion is whether CAS is compatible with art. 6 of The Europa Convention of Human rights (ECHR) which regulates the right to a fair trial. To examine whether CAS is compatible with art.6 ECHR has been the main purpose of the essay. This purpose has been accommodated trough analyzing CAS own regulation in comparison with the jurisprudence of The European Court of Justice and articles with a critical perspective on CAS. The main judgement regarding CAS by the European Court of Justice has also been analyzed. The main method that has been applied is legal dogmatic method through analyzing applicable law with a critical perspective on the Court’s jurisprudence and CAS own regulations. CAS has mainly been criticized for its close ties with the sport bodies through the closed list of arbitrators which has been chosen mostly by persons representing the sport bodies trough the International Council of Arbitration for Sport (ICAS) which is the body that regulates and runs CAS. The rights which have been subject to analysis and investigation in this essay surrounds art. 6.1 ECHR which states inter alia the right to an independent and impartial tribunal established by law. The legality of forced arbitration has also been assessed. If an arbitration is considered forced, the rights in art. 6 cannot be waived. The assessment regarding whether a court is impartial contains both a subjective and objective aspect. The concept of an independent court contains a prohibition for a court to be subject to outside pressure. The European Court of Justice took a stand on the questions a few years ago in the judgement of Mutu and Pechstein v. Switzerland which dealt with inter alia the discussion regarding whether the arbitration of CAS should be defined as forced arbitration and if the arbitration court because of its close connection with the sport bodies can still be regarded as an impartial and independent tribunal established law. The Court qualified the arbitration as forced but that CAS is compatible with art. 6 ECHR although it acknowledged that the sport bodies have a certain influence on the arbitration court but not in a way that would affect the actual dispute. The Court therefore based its judgement only on the subjective part of the assessment regarding if a court is impartial. The court also omitted to state their view on certain aspects regarding removal of judges without justification by ICAS as well as applying the presumption that a court is impartial if its objectively perceived as impartial. The court therefore departed from its jurisprudence and as stated in this essay the judgement could be regarded as incomplete and unconvincing. The conclusion is therefore made that CAS has certain rules in its code which makes it from an objective point of view perceived as partial and connected to the sport bodies which indicates a need for reforms, but it remains unclear whether there is actual interest in all disputes which split all athletes into one camp and all sport bodies into another which would if it were the case create problems regarding CAS impartiality and independence.}}, author = {{Hedberg, Jacob}}, language = {{swe}}, note = {{Student Paper}}, title = {{Sportens egen domstol: Hot mot idrottarnas rätt till en rättvis rättegång? - Analys av The Court of Arbitration for Sport i förhållande till art. 6.1 EKMR}}, year = {{2024}}, }