Angelägenhet för alla - staters förpliktelser vid illegala ockupationer
(2024) LAGF03 20242Department of Law
Faculty of Law
- Abstract
- The essay aims to clarify the responsibility of States arising from a serious breach of a peremptory norm by another State. It does so by using the adviso-ry opinion of July 2024, in which the International Court of Justice found Israel’s occupation of the Palestinian territories unlawful. The Courts ruling raised three obligations for third States: the obligation not to recognize the situation as lawful, the obligation not to render aid or assistance in maintaining the unlawful situation, and the obligation to cooperate to bring an end to the situation.
Through a legal dogmatic method, the legal framework underpinning the rules of State responsibility, ARSIWA, is presented. For the above-mentioned ob-ligations to apply, a serious breach... (More) - The essay aims to clarify the responsibility of States arising from a serious breach of a peremptory norm by another State. It does so by using the adviso-ry opinion of July 2024, in which the International Court of Justice found Israel’s occupation of the Palestinian territories unlawful. The Courts ruling raised three obligations for third States: the obligation not to recognize the situation as lawful, the obligation not to render aid or assistance in maintaining the unlawful situation, and the obligation to cooperate to bring an end to the situation.
Through a legal dogmatic method, the legal framework underpinning the rules of State responsibility, ARSIWA, is presented. For the above-mentioned ob-ligations to apply, a serious breach of a peremptory norm is required, in which a gross and systematic breach of a jus cogens-norm is entailed. This follows from Article 40, ARSIWA.
A description then follows of the three obligations of third States, in case of a violation in accordance with article 40 ARSIWA. Non-recognition implies an obligation of third States to not recognize the situation arising from the crime as lawful. For example, it may imply not entering diplomatic relations with a State claiming to speak on behalf on another State, all whilst attempting an unlawful acquisition of territory of the latter. Non-assistance can mean not entering trade relations or manufacturing weapons that may contribute to maintaining an illegal occupation. Finally, the duty to cooperate obliges third States to cooperate in the manner necessary. All three obligations are critized by legal scholars for their vagueness, both in the legal text and legal applica-tion made by the International Court of Justice, the Security Council and the General Assembly.
The advisory opinion is then presented. In the ruling, the International Court of Justice comments on the obligations of third States and gives some guid-ance as to how these obligations can be fulfilled.
Lastly, the essay concludes by recognizing third state responsibility as an area in need of adaptation and adjustments, to help facilitate its practical implemen-tation. Although the International Court of Justice has applied State responsi-bility rules in several Advisory Opinions, and has made observations on their practical implications, these are inadequate and do not guarantee the compli-ance of the obligations by third States. The essay also recognizes the need for UN mechanisms and a sanction system, to ensure that obligations are not ig-nored or selectively applied by Member States. (Less) - Abstract (Swedish)
- Uppsatsen syftar till att förtydliga det ansvar som åligger stater till följd av en enskild stats allvarliga brott mot en folkrättsligt tvingande norm. Genom att använda ett rådgivande yttrande från juli 2024, i vilket Internationella domsto-len konstaterade Israels ockupation av de palestinska territorierna som olaglig, undersöks statsansvaret. Avgörandet aktualiserar tre skyldigheter för tredje stater: skyldigheten att inte erkänna situationen som laglig, skyldigheten att inte lämna hjälp eller bistånd, samt skyldigheten att samarbeta för att avsluta det allvarliga brottet som begåtts.
Genom rättsdogmatisk metod presenteras inledningsvis det rättsliga ramverk som genomsyrar reglerna om statsansvar, dokumentet ARSIWA. För att de ovan... (More) - Uppsatsen syftar till att förtydliga det ansvar som åligger stater till följd av en enskild stats allvarliga brott mot en folkrättsligt tvingande norm. Genom att använda ett rådgivande yttrande från juli 2024, i vilket Internationella domsto-len konstaterade Israels ockupation av de palestinska territorierna som olaglig, undersöks statsansvaret. Avgörandet aktualiserar tre skyldigheter för tredje stater: skyldigheten att inte erkänna situationen som laglig, skyldigheten att inte lämna hjälp eller bistånd, samt skyldigheten att samarbeta för att avsluta det allvarliga brottet som begåtts.
Genom rättsdogmatisk metod presenteras inledningsvis det rättsliga ramverk som genomsyrar reglerna om statsansvar, dokumentet ARSIWA. För att de ovan nämnda förpliktelserna ska bli aktuella krävs ett allvarligt brott mot en tvingande norm. Denna typ av folkrättsbrott, som innebär en grov och syste-matisk förbrytelse av en jus cogens-norm, redogörs för i det inledande avsnit-tet.
Därefter beskrivs de tre skyldigheterna för tredje stater vid brott som uppfyller rekvisiten ovan. Icke-erkännande innebär en förpliktelse att inte erkänna den olagliga situationen som laglig. Exempelvis kan det innebära att inte ingå för-bindelser med en stat som uppger sig agera å en annan stats räkning, till följd av att ha gjort olagliga anspråk på den senare statens territorium. Icke-assistans kan exempelvis innebära att inte ingå handelsrelationer eller tillverka vapen som kan bidra till upprätthållande av en olaglig ockupation. Samarbets-skyldigheten förpliktigar tredje stater att på det sätt som är lämpligt i det en-skilda fallet, samarbeta för att avsluta den olagliga situationen i fråga. Samtliga tre förpliktelser kritiseras av rättslärda för vaghet, både i lagtext och i rättstill-lämpningen av Internationella domstolen, säkerhetsrådet och generalförsam-lingen.
Vidare presenteras det rådgivande yttrandet. I domen kommenterar Internat-ionella domstolen skyldigheterna som åligger tredje stater och ger viss väg-ledning på hur dessa skyldigheter kan uppfyllas.
I slutsatsen konstateras det att tredje staters ansvar är ett rättsområde som be-höver ses över för att enklare kunna implementeras i praktiken. Trots att Inter-nationella domstolen i flertalet avgöranden tillämpat reglerna om statsansvar och gett vissa kommentarer kring deras praktiska innebörd, är dessa otillräck-liga och garanterar inte att skyldigheterna efterföljs av tredje stater. Det påträf-fas vidare ett behov av mekanismer och sanktioner från FN för att säkerställa att förpliktelserna inte negligeras eller tillämpas selektivt av medlemsstater. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9179843
- author
- Sadayo, Nadine LU
- supervisor
- organization
- course
- LAGF03 20242
- year
- 2024
- type
- M2 - Bachelor Degree
- subject
- keywords
- folkrätt
- language
- Swedish
- id
- 9179843
- date added to LUP
- 2025-03-20 14:20:16
- date last changed
- 2025-03-20 14:20:16
@misc{9179843, abstract = {{The essay aims to clarify the responsibility of States arising from a serious breach of a peremptory norm by another State. It does so by using the adviso-ry opinion of July 2024, in which the International Court of Justice found Israel’s occupation of the Palestinian territories unlawful. The Courts ruling raised three obligations for third States: the obligation not to recognize the situation as lawful, the obligation not to render aid or assistance in maintaining the unlawful situation, and the obligation to cooperate to bring an end to the situation. Through a legal dogmatic method, the legal framework underpinning the rules of State responsibility, ARSIWA, is presented. For the above-mentioned ob-ligations to apply, a serious breach of a peremptory norm is required, in which a gross and systematic breach of a jus cogens-norm is entailed. This follows from Article 40, ARSIWA. A description then follows of the three obligations of third States, in case of a violation in accordance with article 40 ARSIWA. Non-recognition implies an obligation of third States to not recognize the situation arising from the crime as lawful. For example, it may imply not entering diplomatic relations with a State claiming to speak on behalf on another State, all whilst attempting an unlawful acquisition of territory of the latter. Non-assistance can mean not entering trade relations or manufacturing weapons that may contribute to maintaining an illegal occupation. Finally, the duty to cooperate obliges third States to cooperate in the manner necessary. All three obligations are critized by legal scholars for their vagueness, both in the legal text and legal applica-tion made by the International Court of Justice, the Security Council and the General Assembly. The advisory opinion is then presented. In the ruling, the International Court of Justice comments on the obligations of third States and gives some guid-ance as to how these obligations can be fulfilled. Lastly, the essay concludes by recognizing third state responsibility as an area in need of adaptation and adjustments, to help facilitate its practical implemen-tation. Although the International Court of Justice has applied State responsi-bility rules in several Advisory Opinions, and has made observations on their practical implications, these are inadequate and do not guarantee the compli-ance of the obligations by third States. The essay also recognizes the need for UN mechanisms and a sanction system, to ensure that obligations are not ig-nored or selectively applied by Member States.}}, author = {{Sadayo, Nadine}}, language = {{swe}}, note = {{Student Paper}}, title = {{Angelägenhet för alla - staters förpliktelser vid illegala ockupationer}}, year = {{2024}}, }