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Stadigvarande vistelse - en komparativ studie mellan Sverige och Danmark, av funktionen ”att vistas”

Fischbeck, Alva LU (2025) JURM02 20252
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
Since 1999, when the new Income Tax Act (SFS 1999:1229) came into force, Swedish tax legislation has contained three alternative criteria stipulating when a natural person is to be considered liable for unlimited tax on their global income in Sweden. This essay examines one of these three criteria, namely that a person who resides permanently in Sweden is subject to unlimited tax liability, as stated in Chapter 3, Section 3 of the Income Tax Act. In an era characterized by increased international mobility, the question of where a per-son has their tax residence has become increasingly important. In 2023, the Swedish Tax Agency presented a memorandum with proposals to revise the Swedish regulations on permanent residence. Against this... (More)
Since 1999, when the new Income Tax Act (SFS 1999:1229) came into force, Swedish tax legislation has contained three alternative criteria stipulating when a natural person is to be considered liable for unlimited tax on their global income in Sweden. This essay examines one of these three criteria, namely that a person who resides permanently in Sweden is subject to unlimited tax liability, as stated in Chapter 3, Section 3 of the Income Tax Act. In an era characterized by increased international mobility, the question of where a per-son has their tax residence has become increasingly important. In 2023, the Swedish Tax Agency presented a memorandum with proposals to revise the Swedish regulations on permanent residence. Against this background, this thesis examines what the function of “residing” means in Sweden through a comparison with Denmark and its regulations on residence, as well as through a comprehensive international perspective. The study aims to examine how Swedish regulations relate to Danish regulations, and how the regulations relate to the principles of legal certainty and predictability.

To answer the questions posed in this thesis, a combination of the legal dog-matic method and the comparative method is used. The legal dogmatic method is used to determine what the applicable law is in both Swedish and Danish law, using laws, preparatory works, case law, and doctrine in the field. The comparative method is based primarily on Kamba's three phases for compar-ing different legal systems, as well as Zweigert and Kötz's normative approach to presenting arguments de lege ferenda to identify similarities, differences, and potential changes to the applicable law.

The investigation shows that Swedish regulations governing permanent resi-dence are characterized by an open legal wording that lacks a time limit speci-fied in law. The assessment of what constitutes permanent residence is largely left to the legal practitioner, who, through interpretation of preparatory works, makes an overall assessment of the individual's residence pattern and other objective circumstances over time. Practice indicates that a stay exceeding six months is the main rule for when a stay is permanent, but that deviations oc-cur depending on the circumstances of the individual case.

The comparison with Denmark and the initial international overview show a clear discrepancy in how the function of “residing” is regulated. Sweden relies heavily on case law and the interpretation of the law, while Denmark and sev-eral other European countries have chosen to establish clear time limits in law, either by stipulating a stay exceeding six months or exceeding a fixed number of days.

Through an analysis of what is presented as applicable law in both Sweden and Denmark, the essay concludes that the current Swedish regulation of permanent residence lacks predictability for the individual. This is because the requirements for permanent residence in Sweden are not presented through legislation but through preparatory work and inconsistent practice. The flexi-bility that the legislator wishes to achieve for the application of the law occurs at the expense of legal certainty. Based on the comparative analysis and the Swedish Tax Agency's memorandum from 2023, the thesis argues for a revi-sion of the requirement for permanent residence, where the law defines what permanent means, for example, through a specific number of days during a calendar year or by establishing in law that permanent means a stay of at least six months. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Sedan 1999, när den nya inkomstskattelagen (SFS 1999:1229) trädde i kraft har det i svensk skattelagstiftning funnits tre alternativa rekvisit som stadgar när en fysisk person ska anses vara obegränsat skattskyldig för sina globala inkomster i Sverige. I denna uppsats undersöks ett av dessa tre rekvisit, nämligen det som handlar om att den som stadigvarande vistas i Sverige är obegränsat skattskyldig vilket framgår av 3 kapitlet 3 § inkomstskattelagen. I en tid präglad av ökad internationell rörlighet har frågan om var en person har sin skatterättsliga hemvist ställts på sin spets. År 2023 presenterade därutöver det svenska Skatteverket en promemoria med förslag på att revidera den svenska regleringen av stadigvarande vistelse. Mot denna... (More)
Sedan 1999, när den nya inkomstskattelagen (SFS 1999:1229) trädde i kraft har det i svensk skattelagstiftning funnits tre alternativa rekvisit som stadgar när en fysisk person ska anses vara obegränsat skattskyldig för sina globala inkomster i Sverige. I denna uppsats undersöks ett av dessa tre rekvisit, nämligen det som handlar om att den som stadigvarande vistas i Sverige är obegränsat skattskyldig vilket framgår av 3 kapitlet 3 § inkomstskattelagen. I en tid präglad av ökad internationell rörlighet har frågan om var en person har sin skatterättsliga hemvist ställts på sin spets. År 2023 presenterade därutöver det svenska Skatteverket en promemoria med förslag på att revidera den svenska regleringen av stadigvarande vistelse. Mot denna bakgrund undersöker upp-satsen vad funktionen ”att vistas” innebär i Sverige, men även genom en komparation med Danmark och deras reglering av opphold samt genom en övergripande internationell utblick. Studien ämnar undersöka hur den svenska regleringen förhåller sig till den danska, samt hur regleringarna förhåller sig till principerna om rättssäkerhet och förutsebarhet.

För att besvara uppsatsens frågeställningar används en kombination av den rättsdogmatiska metoden och den komparativa metoden. Den rättsdogmatiska metoden används för att utröna vad gällande rätt är i både svensk och dansk rätt, detta genom att använda lagar, förarbeten, praxis och doktrin på området. Genom den komparativa metoden har främst Kambas tre faser för att jämföra olika rättssystem utgjort grunden för komparationen, samt Zweigert och Kötz normativa ansats för att presentera argument de lege ferenda för att identifiera likheter, skillnader och potentiella förändringar till den gällande lagen.

Utredningen visar att den svenska regleringen av stadigvarande vistelse kännetecknas av en öppen laglydelse som saknar en i lag preciserad tidsgräns. Bedömningen om vad som är stadigvarande vistelse överlåts i hög grad till rättsstillämparen, som genom tolkning av förarbeten gör en helhetsbedömning av individens vistelsemönster och andra objektiva omständigheter över tid. Praxis indikerar att en vistelse som överstiger sex månader är huvudregeln till när en vistelse är stadigvarande men att avvikelser förekommer beroende på omständigheterna i det enskilda fallet.

Komparationen med Danmark samt den inledande internationella utblicken påvisar en tydlig diskrepans i hur funktionen ”att vistas” regleras. Sverige förlitar sig starkt på praxis och rättstillämparens tolkning medan Danmark, och flera andra europeiska länder har valt att lagfästa tydliga tidsgränser, an-tingen genom att i lag bestämma vistelse till en tid överstigande sex månader eller överstigande ett fast antal dagar.

Genom en analys av de som läggs fram som gällande rätt i både Sverige och Danmark kommer uppsatsen fram till att den nuvarande svenska regleringen av stadigvarande vistelse brister i förutsebarhet för den enskilde. Detta då kra-ven för stadigvarande vistelse i Sverige inte presenteras genom lag utan ge-nom förarbeten och oenhetlig praxis. Den flexibilitet som lagstiftaren genom rekvisitet vill uppnå för rättstillämparen sker på bekostnad av rättssäkerheten. Med ledning av den komparativa analysen och Skatteverkets promemoria från 2023 argumenterar uppsatsen för en revidering av rekvisitet stadigvarande vistelse, där det genom lag definieras vad stadigvarande innebär, förslagsvis genom ett bestämt antal dagar under ett kalenderår alternativt lagfästning av att stadigvarande innebär vistelse om minst sex månader. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Fischbeck, Alva LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Permanent residence - a comparative study between Sweden and Denmark, of the function of “residing”
course
JURM02 20252
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
skatt, skatterätt, Sverige, Danmark, stadigvarande vistelse
language
Swedish
id
9216636
date added to LUP
2026-01-26 12:43:51
date last changed
2026-01-26 12:43:51
@misc{9216636,
  abstract     = {{Since 1999, when the new Income Tax Act (SFS 1999:1229) came into force, Swedish tax legislation has contained three alternative criteria stipulating when a natural person is to be considered liable for unlimited tax on their global income in Sweden. This essay examines one of these three criteria, namely that a person who resides permanently in Sweden is subject to unlimited tax liability, as stated in Chapter 3, Section 3 of the Income Tax Act. In an era characterized by increased international mobility, the question of where a per-son has their tax residence has become increasingly important. In 2023, the Swedish Tax Agency presented a memorandum with proposals to revise the Swedish regulations on permanent residence. Against this background, this thesis examines what the function of “residing” means in Sweden through a comparison with Denmark and its regulations on residence, as well as through a comprehensive international perspective. The study aims to examine how Swedish regulations relate to Danish regulations, and how the regulations relate to the principles of legal certainty and predictability.

To answer the questions posed in this thesis, a combination of the legal dog-matic method and the comparative method is used. The legal dogmatic method is used to determine what the applicable law is in both Swedish and Danish law, using laws, preparatory works, case law, and doctrine in the field. The comparative method is based primarily on Kamba's three phases for compar-ing different legal systems, as well as Zweigert and Kötz's normative approach to presenting arguments de lege ferenda to identify similarities, differences, and potential changes to the applicable law.

The investigation shows that Swedish regulations governing permanent resi-dence are characterized by an open legal wording that lacks a time limit speci-fied in law. The assessment of what constitutes permanent residence is largely left to the legal practitioner, who, through interpretation of preparatory works, makes an overall assessment of the individual's residence pattern and other objective circumstances over time. Practice indicates that a stay exceeding six months is the main rule for when a stay is permanent, but that deviations oc-cur depending on the circumstances of the individual case. 

The comparison with Denmark and the initial international overview show a clear discrepancy in how the function of “residing” is regulated. Sweden relies heavily on case law and the interpretation of the law, while Denmark and sev-eral other European countries have chosen to establish clear time limits in law, either by stipulating a stay exceeding six months or exceeding a fixed number of days.

Through an analysis of what is presented as applicable law in both Sweden and Denmark, the essay concludes that the current Swedish regulation of permanent residence lacks predictability for the individual. This is because the requirements for permanent residence in Sweden are not presented through legislation but through preparatory work and inconsistent practice. The flexi-bility that the legislator wishes to achieve for the application of the law occurs at the expense of legal certainty. Based on the comparative analysis and the Swedish Tax Agency's memorandum from 2023, the thesis argues for a revi-sion of the requirement for permanent residence, where the law defines what permanent means, for example, through a specific number of days during a calendar year or by establishing in law that permanent means a stay of at least six months.}},
  author       = {{Fischbeck, Alva}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Stadigvarande vistelse - en komparativ studie mellan Sverige och Danmark, av funktionen ”att vistas”}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}