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Skyddet mot barn- och tvångsäktenskap inom svensk rätt - i förhållande till mänskliga rättigheter och kulturella normer

Willhager, Sara LU (2011) JURM01 20102
Department of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Det huvudsakliga syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilket skydd svensk lagstiftning stadgar mot barn- och tvångsäktenskap samt bakgrunden till detta skydd och hur skyddet förhåller sig till mänskliga rättigheter samt kulturella och religiösa normer kring äktenskap.

Synen på äktenskapets syfte och ingående varierar stort mellan olika normsystem och är till stor del beroende av vilket samhälle äktenskapet förekommer i men också av vilken kultur, tradition och religion människor hänför sig till. Det svenska majoritetssamhällets syn präglas av att äktenskapet är en individuell parrelation mellan två vuxna människor. Detta synsätt återspeglas också i den svenska rättsordningen som bygger på tanken att äktenskap ska ingås av fri vilja... (More)
Det huvudsakliga syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilket skydd svensk lagstiftning stadgar mot barn- och tvångsäktenskap samt bakgrunden till detta skydd och hur skyddet förhåller sig till mänskliga rättigheter samt kulturella och religiösa normer kring äktenskap.

Synen på äktenskapets syfte och ingående varierar stort mellan olika normsystem och är till stor del beroende av vilket samhälle äktenskapet förekommer i men också av vilken kultur, tradition och religion människor hänför sig till. Det svenska majoritetssamhällets syn präglas av att äktenskapet är en individuell parrelation mellan två vuxna människor. Detta synsätt återspeglas också i den svenska rättsordningen som bygger på tanken att äktenskap ska ingås av fri vilja samt att barn som huvudregel inte ska ingå äktenskap. I dagens svenska samhälle har äktenskapet mer ett symbolvärde då välfärdssystemet är utvecklat och sexualiteten inte är förbehållen äktenskapet. Inom många andra samhällen och kulturer kan emellertid helt andra syften ligga bakom äktenskapets ingående vilket också kan påverka synen på frivillighet och lämplig äktenskapsålder. Dessa skilda synsätt finns även inom olika minoritetsgrupper i Sverige.

I flera internationella instrument fastställs att det är en mänsklig rättighet att själv få bestämma över äktenskapets ingående och att äktenskap därför endast får ingås med båda parters fria och fulla samtycke. Någon minimiålder för ingående av äktenskap fastställs inte i internationell rätt men vikten av en nationell lagfäst äktenskapsålder framhävs. Kvinnodiskrimineringskommittén och Barnrättskommittén rekommenderar att denna minimiålder bestäms till 18 år.

Det civilrättsliga skyddet i svensk rätt mot barn- och tvångsäktenskap utgörs främst av att parterna, för ett giltigt äktenskap av fri vilja måste lämna sitt samtycke till äktenskapet och att personer under 18 år endast under särskilda omständigheter tillåts ingå äktenskap. På detta sätt har det emellertid inte alltid förhållit sig. För inte allt för länge sedan var parternas fria vilja, främst kvinnans, begränsad vid äktenskapets ingående och äktenskapsåldern var betydligt lägre än idag. Skyddet mot barn- och tvångsäktenskap utgörs idag också av att utländska barn- och tvångsäktenskap som huvudregel inte erkänns och att hindersprövning alltid ska se enligt svensk lag vid ingående av äktenskap inför svensk myndighet vilket innebär att 18 årsgränsen gäller föra alla oberoende av medborgarskap. Fram till 2004 var det internationellt privaträttsliga skyddet mot barn och tvångsäktenskap betydligt svagare än idag då utländska medborgare tilläts ingå äktenskap efter fyllda 15 år utan myndighets tillstånd och då det inte fanns någon uttrycklig regel som stadgade att utländska barn- och tvångsäktenskap inte erkänns.

Det civilrättsliga och internationellt privaträttsliga skyddet mot barn- och tvångsäktenskap kompletteras av att vissa av de handlingar som kan föregå ett barn- eller tvångsäktenskap är straffbara enligt svensk rätt. Någon uttrycklig straffbestämmelse som tar sikte på barn- och tvångsäktenskap finns emellertid inte. Detta har under de senaste åren ifrågasatts av regeringen, någon kriminalisering har däremot än så länge inte kommit till stånd. En ny utredning har däremot i år givits i uppdrag att se över om det civilrättliga, internationellt privaträttsliga och straffrättsliga skyddet mot barn- och tvångsäktenskap kan förstärkas. Detta har bland annat skett mot bakgrund av att en rapport gjord av ungdomsstyrelsen på uppdrag av regeringen visar att det i dagens svenska samhälle finns flera unga som känner oro inför att de inte själva ska få välja vem de ska gifta sig med.

Följaktligen finns ett behov av lagstiftningsåtgärder på området, lagstiftaren står då inför uppgiften att avgöra hur detta skydd ska utformas i förhållande till mänskliga rättigheter och kulturella och religiösa normer på området. Samtidigt som Sverige måste uppfylla sina internationella åtaganden på området ställs lagstiftaren inför frågan vilken hänsyn som bör tas till olika minoritetsgruppers syn på äktenskapets ingående och lämplig äktenskapsålder vilken kan skilja sig från den som utvecklats inom svensk och internationell rätt. Tidigare visades relativt stor hänsyn till främmande kulturers syn på äktenskapet och dess ingående men idag har lagstiftaren tydligt markerat att de enskildas mänskliga rättigheter kommer främst. (Less)
Abstract
The main purpose of this paper is to investigate what protection Swedish legislation provides against child and forced marriages as well as the background to this protection and how it relates to human rights and cultural and religious norms regarding marriage.

The view on matrimonial purpose and conclusion varies greatly between different norm systems and is largely dependent on what kind of society the marriage occurs in, as well of the culture, tradition and religion that people relate to. In the Swedish society, the view of the majority is characterized by the fact that marriage is an individual partner relationship between two adults. This approach is also reflected in the Swedish legal system based on the idea that marriage is... (More)
The main purpose of this paper is to investigate what protection Swedish legislation provides against child and forced marriages as well as the background to this protection and how it relates to human rights and cultural and religious norms regarding marriage.

The view on matrimonial purpose and conclusion varies greatly between different norm systems and is largely dependent on what kind of society the marriage occurs in, as well of the culture, tradition and religion that people relate to. In the Swedish society, the view of the majority is characterized by the fact that marriage is an individual partner relationship between two adults. This approach is also reflected in the Swedish legal system based on the idea that marriage is entered into voluntarily and that children should not marry. In the Swedish society today, the marriage has more of a symbolic value as the welfare system is developed and sexuality is not reserved for marriage. In many other societies and cultures there can be quite different purposes behind marriage, which may also affect the perception of free will and appropriate marrying age. These different approaches also exist within various minority groups in Sweden.

Several international instruments establish that it is a human right to be free to decide on marriage and that marriage may therefore only be concluded with both parties free and full consent. There is no minimum age for marriage established in international law, but the importance of a national statutory age of marriage is emphasized. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and the Committee on the Rights of the Child recommends a minimum age of 18 years.

The protection in the Swedish civil law against child and forced marriages is mainly constituted on the parties' free and willingly given consent to the marriage for it to be valid and that people under 18 year only under exceptional circumstances are allowed to marry. However, the civil law has not always been designed this way. Not too long ago the parties' free will to marriage, mainly the women´s, was restricted and the marrying age was much lower than today. Nowadays the protection against child and forced marriages also consists of a regulation prescribing that foreign child and forced marriages as a rule are not recognized by Swedish law and that the Swedish marrying age of 18 years applies to everyone who wants to marry before a Swedish authority regardless of citizenship. Prior to 2004, the private international legal protection against child and forced marriages was much weaker than today. Foreign nationals were then allowed to marry after the age of 15 years without authority approval and there was no explicit rule which stipulated that foreign child and forced marriages were not recognized.

Some of the acts that may precede a child or forced marriage are punishable under Swedish law, which complements the civil and private international legal protection against child and forced marriages. No explicit penal provision which focuses on child and forced marriages exists in Swedish law. This has in recent years been questioned by the government, any criminalization has however so far not been accomplished. None the less a new government inquiry has this year been given mandate to look into if the civil, international private law and criminal protection against child and forced marriage can be strengthened. This has occurred against the background of a report made by “Ungdomsstyrelsen” on behalf of the Government which shows that in today's Swedish society, there are several young people who are worried that they will not get to choose who to marry.

Consequently, there is a need for legislative action in the area, the legislature is then challenged to determine how this protection should be designed in relation to human rights and cultural and religious norms in the field. While Sweden have to comply with its international commitments the legislature also face the question of which account should be taken to various minority groups views on marriage and the appropriate marrying age, which may differ from that which is developed in Swedish and international law. Previously, relatively great consideration to foreign cultures views on marriage and its conclusion was shown, but today, the legislature has clearly indicated that the individuals' human rights come first. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Willhager, Sara LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
The protection against child- and forced marriages within Swedish law - in relation to human rights and cultural norms
course
JURM01 20102
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
barnäktenskap, äktenskap, criminal law, straffrätt, rättssociologi, private international law, internationell privaträtt, familjerätt, civilrätt, private law, tvångsäktenskap, kulturella normer, mänskliga rättigheter
language
Swedish
id
1763432
date added to LUP
2011-01-24 12:16:45
date last changed
2011-01-24 12:16:45
@misc{1763432,
  abstract     = {{The main purpose of this paper is to investigate what protection Swedish legislation provides against child and forced marriages as well as the background to this protection and how it relates to human rights and cultural and religious norms regarding marriage.

The view on matrimonial purpose and conclusion varies greatly between different norm systems and is largely dependent on what kind of society the marriage occurs in, as well of the culture, tradition and religion that people relate to. In the Swedish society, the view of the majority is characterized by the fact that marriage is an individual partner relationship between two adults. This approach is also reflected in the Swedish legal system based on the idea that marriage is entered into voluntarily and that children should not marry. In the Swedish society today, the marriage has more of a symbolic value as the welfare system is developed and sexuality is not reserved for marriage. In many other societies and cultures there can be quite different purposes behind marriage, which may also affect the perception of free will and appropriate marrying age. These different approaches also exist within various minority groups in Sweden.

Several international instruments establish that it is a human right to be free to decide on marriage and that marriage may therefore only be concluded with both parties free and full consent. There is no minimum age for marriage established in international law, but the importance of a national statutory age of marriage is emphasized. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and the Committee on the Rights of the Child recommends a minimum age of 18 years.

The protection in the Swedish civil law against child and forced marriages is mainly constituted on the parties' free and willingly given consent to the marriage for it to be valid and that people under 18 year only under exceptional circumstances are allowed to marry. However, the civil law has not always been designed this way. Not too long ago the parties' free will to marriage, mainly the women´s, was restricted and the marrying age was much lower than today. Nowadays the protection against child and forced marriages also consists of a regulation prescribing that foreign child and forced marriages as a rule are not recognized by Swedish law and that the Swedish marrying age of 18 years applies to everyone who wants to marry before a Swedish authority regardless of citizenship. Prior to 2004, the private international legal protection against child and forced marriages was much weaker than today. Foreign nationals were then allowed to marry after the age of 15 years without authority approval and there was no explicit rule which stipulated that foreign child and forced marriages were not recognized.

Some of the acts that may precede a child or forced marriage are punishable under Swedish law, which complements the civil and private international legal protection against child and forced marriages. No explicit penal provision which focuses on child and forced marriages exists in Swedish law. This has in recent years been questioned by the government, any criminalization has however so far not been accomplished. None the less a new government inquiry has this year been given mandate to look into if the civil, international private law and criminal protection against child and forced marriage can be strengthened. This has occurred against the background of a report made by “Ungdomsstyrelsen” on behalf of the Government which shows that in today's Swedish society, there are several young people who are worried that they will not get to choose who to marry.

Consequently, there is a need for legislative action in the area, the legislature is then challenged to determine how this protection should be designed in relation to human rights and cultural and religious norms in the field. While Sweden have to comply with its international commitments the legislature also face the question of which account should be taken to various minority groups views on marriage and the appropriate marrying age, which may differ from that which is developed in Swedish and international law. Previously, relatively great consideration to foreign cultures views on marriage and its conclusion was shown, but today, the legislature has clearly indicated that the individuals' human rights come first.}},
  author       = {{Willhager, Sara}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Skyddet mot barn- och tvångsäktenskap inom svensk rätt - i förhållande till mänskliga rättigheter och kulturella normer}},
  year         = {{2011}},
}