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Ett offer är alltid ett offer! - En jämförande studie av bevisvärderingen i våldtäktsmål och rånmål

Söelund, Melina LU (2014) JURM02 20141
Department of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka om det finns skillnader mellan den bevisvärdering som sker då målsägandens utsaga är huvudbevisning i våldtäktsmål jämfört med rånmål samt att resonera kring problematiken kring en sådan eventuell diskrepans för våldtäktsoffer. För att uppfylla uppsatsens syfte görs en rättsfallsstudie för att analysera våldtäktsmålen och sedan jämföra bevisvärderingen med den i rånmål. Rättsfallsstudien riktar in sig på mål där utsagan är den främsta bevisningen och där ord står mot ord. Problematiken kring eventuella skillnader diskuteras utifrån ett viktimologiskt perspektiv. Som en del av problematiken kommer en diskussion att föras utifrån teorierna om rättssäkerhet och rättstrygghet.

På grund av det begränsade... (More)
Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka om det finns skillnader mellan den bevisvärdering som sker då målsägandens utsaga är huvudbevisning i våldtäktsmål jämfört med rånmål samt att resonera kring problematiken kring en sådan eventuell diskrepans för våldtäktsoffer. För att uppfylla uppsatsens syfte görs en rättsfallsstudie för att analysera våldtäktsmålen och sedan jämföra bevisvärderingen med den i rånmål. Rättsfallsstudien riktar in sig på mål där utsagan är den främsta bevisningen och där ord står mot ord. Problematiken kring eventuella skillnader diskuteras utifrån ett viktimologiskt perspektiv. Som en del av problematiken kommer en diskussion att föras utifrån teorierna om rättssäkerhet och rättstrygghet.

På grund av det begränsade urvalet av domar måste rättsfallsstudien tolkas med försiktighet. Det resultat som framkommit är dock bekymmersamt och det framstår som att rättsfallen, som bygger på så likvärdiga parametrar som de utvalda målen gör, borde ha en mer likvärdig bevisvärdering, och möjligtvis mer likvärdiga domslut. Det som framgår av rättsfallsstudien som gjorts är att det finns skillnader i hur domstolen värderar bevis i våldtäktsmål och i rånmål då utsagan är den främsta bevisningen. Skillnaderna finns i flera olika moment i bevisvärderingen, i den övergripande värderingen, i de faktorer som tingsrätten lägger vikt vid samt vid kravet på stödbevisningen. I samband med rättsfallsstudien uppstod en känsla av att våldtäktsoffers utsagor oftare betraktas med skepsis i inledningsfasen på ett sätt som inte upplevs i rånmål. Denna känsla baseras bland annat på den övergripande värderingen samt på att det finns större betoning på detaljer i utsagan, målsägandens beteende och stödbevisning i våldtäktsmål.

Uppsatsen utgår från ett viktimologiskt perspektiv och Christies tes om ideala offer har valts för att analysera och diskutera bevisvärderingen. Christies tes om Ideala offer tillämpas för att föra ett resonemang kring varför det finns skillnader i bevisvärderingen. Bland annat förs en diskussion kring att våldtäktsoffer sällan passar in i mallen för ett idealiskt offer medan rånoffren och dess förövare har lättare för att uppfylla de kriterier som ställs. Detta kan leda till att offer behandlas olika beroende på vilket brott de varit utsatt för. Det kan även leda till att våldtäktsoffer som inte uppfyller förväntningarna på ett offer få problem med att ses som tillförlitliga och att få sina utsagor bedömda som trovärdig.

Slutligen behandlas eventuella konsekvenser av skillnader i bevisvärderingen utifrån teorierna om rättstrygghet och rättssäkerhet. Det tas upp i framställningen att rättssäkerhet och samma principer om förutsägbarhet, likabehandling och skydd mot godtycke även måste gälla ett brottsoffer. Ett högt beviskrav leder till att få eller ingen döms för brott som de inte har begått, men ett för högt beviskrav leder även till att få eller ingen döms för brott som de har begått. Det senare scenariot underminerar brottsbekämpningen. Det självklara valet, att hellre fria än att fälla, kan i det långa loppet leda till att medborgare tappar tron på rättsystemet och samhällets förmåga till brottsbekämpning. För att hitta rätt balans mellan dessa två motpoler måste problematiken hela tiden hållas i åtanke och diskuteras.

Det är av vikt att diskutera eventuella skillnader i bevisvärderingen av just den anledningen att det finns så många motstridiga, och som det verkar förutfattade meningar inblandade när det gäller våldtäkt. Dessa fördomar finns bland vanliga människor i samhället, högutbildade som lågutbildade, samt med största sannolikhet även i domstolarna. Alla har en åsikt, medvetet eller omedvetet, om omständigheter som har med sex att göra och alla har olika utgångspunkter och erfarenheter när det gäller sex och våldtäkt. När det gäller rån är frågan inte lika infekterad. Att olika måltyper kan beröra människor på så skilda sätt borde i sig leda till att det vore en självklarhet att ha en levande diskussion om vad som är av vikt vid bevisvärderingen, samt att ständigt resonera kring vad som påverkar eller vad som kan påverka en bevisvärdering direkt eller indirekt.

Om alla moraliska betänkligheter och förutfattade meningar om sex skalas bort, borde våldtäkt vara en fullständigt likvärdig situation som ett personrån utan vittnen. Det kan vara omöjligt för rätten att reda ut vad som hänt i de två situationerna, men utgångspunkten borde vara densamma. Alla individer bör gå in i en rättsprocess som jämbördiga individer som inte ifrågasätts, bedöms eller värderas på något annat sätt än sakligt. En person som varit utsatt för ett brott bör alltid förtjäna att bli behandlad på ett likvärdigt sätt, oavsett vilket brott som har begåtts mot personen. Ett offer är ett offer. (Less)
Abstract
The purpose of this essay is to examine if there are differences between evaluation of evidence when the main evidence is the statement of the victim in cases of rape compared with cases of robbery (rån) and to discuss the problems with a possible discrepancy from the view of victims of rape. To fulfill the purpose a comparing legal case study is used in which the evaluation of evidence in cases of rape are compared with the evaluation of evidence in cases of robbery. The legal case study is focused on cases in which the statement of the victim is the primary evidence and where there is dissenting opinions. The problems with possible differences are discussed from a victimological perspective. Furthermore, the paper contains a discussion... (More)
The purpose of this essay is to examine if there are differences between evaluation of evidence when the main evidence is the statement of the victim in cases of rape compared with cases of robbery (rån) and to discuss the problems with a possible discrepancy from the view of victims of rape. To fulfill the purpose a comparing legal case study is used in which the evaluation of evidence in cases of rape are compared with the evaluation of evidence in cases of robbery. The legal case study is focused on cases in which the statement of the victim is the primary evidence and where there is dissenting opinions. The problems with possible differences are discussed from a victimological perspective. Furthermore, the paper contains a discussion about consequences through the theories of legal rights (rättstrygghet) and rule of law.

The conclusions of the case study must be drawn with caution, mainly because of the limitations of samples in the case study. The outcome of the study, however, is anxious. It seems like cases which have so equivalent parameters as the chosen cases, should have more equal evaluation of evidence and possible more equal outcomes. It is shown in the legal case study, that there are differences in the court’s evaluation of evidence in cases concerning robbery and cases concerning rape, when the primary evidence is statements. Those differences can be found in different parts of the evaluation of evidence. It is shown in the general evaluation, in the factors which the court points out as important and at the requirement of supporting evidence. In connection to the legal court study it emerged as if victims of rape are reviewed with skepticism in an early stage of the case. The reflection is based upon the general evaluation and circumstances like, that there is more focus on details in the statement, the behavior of the victim and the supporting evidence in cases of rape.

The essay is based on a victimological perspective and Christie’s thesis about Ideal Victims has been chosen as tool to analyse and discuss the evaluation of evidence. Christie's thesis on ideal victims is used as argumentation about why there are differences in the evaluation of evidence. Among other things, there is a discussion about the circumstances that victims of robbery and its perpetrators are more likely to fulfil the criteria of Ideal victims than victims of rape. This can lead to the situation where victims are treated differently depending on what type of crime they have been exposed to. Victims of rape can for that reason have problems with being seen as reliable and perhaps questioned about their trustworthiness.

Finally the consequences of differences in the evaluation are discussed through the theories of a legal rights and rule of law. It is pointed out in the paper that the rule of law and its principles of predictability, equal treatment and protection against arbitrary rulings are to be applied also on victims of crimes. A high standard of proof leads to few or none are convicted of crimes they did not commit, but too high a standard of proof also result in few or none are convicted of crimes they have committed. The later scenario undermines law enforcement. The obvious choice, rather to free the accused than convict him, can in the long run lead to citizens losing faith in the legal system and the society's ability to law enforcement. This problem must continuously be kept in mind and discussed in order to find the right balance between these two opposites.

It is important to discuss any differences in the evaluation of evidence for the reason that there are so many conflicting, and as it seems preconceived, ideas involved when it comes to rape. These prejudices exist among ordinary people in the society, highly
educated as well as low educated and most likely also in the courts. Everyone has an opinion, consciously or unconsciously, about circumstances connected to sex and everyone has different perspectives and experiences regarding sex and rape. When it comes to robbery, the question is not as infected. The fact that different crimes can affect people in such different ways, should by itself lead to the result that it should be obvious to have a constant discussion about what is of importance in the evaluation of evidences. It is also important to constantly discuss what circumstances that affects or could affect the evaluation of evidence directly or indirectly.

Rape ought to be a complete equivalent situation to robbery without witnesses, if all moral concerns and preconceptions about sex are washed away. It might be impossible for the court to conclude what happened in the two situations, but the starting point should be the same. All individuals should enter al legal process as equal individuals who are not to be questioned, judged or evaluated in any other way than objectively. A person who has been a victim of a crime should always deserve to be treated equally, regardless of the crime committed against the person. A victim is a victim. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Söelund, Melina LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
A victim is always a victim! - A study of the evaluation of evidence in cases of rape compared with the evaluation of evidence in cases of robbery.
course
JURM02 20141
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Straffrätt, våldtäkt, bevisvärdering
language
Swedish
id
4360481
date added to LUP
2014-04-02 10:36:48
date last changed
2014-04-02 10:36:48
@misc{4360481,
  abstract     = {{The purpose of this essay is to examine if there are differences between evaluation of evidence when the main evidence is the statement of the victim in cases of rape compared with cases of robbery (rån) and to discuss the problems with a possible discrepancy from the view of victims of rape. To fulfill the purpose a comparing legal case study is used in which the evaluation of evidence in cases of rape are compared with the evaluation of evidence in cases of robbery. The legal case study is focused on cases in which the statement of the victim is the primary evidence and where there is dissenting opinions. The problems with possible differences are discussed from a victimological perspective. Furthermore, the paper contains a discussion about consequences through the theories of legal rights (rättstrygghet) and rule of law.

The conclusions of the case study must be drawn with caution, mainly because of the limitations of samples in the case study. The outcome of the study, however, is anxious. It seems like cases which have so equivalent parameters as the chosen cases, should have more equal evaluation of evidence and possible more equal outcomes. It is shown in the legal case study, that there are differences in the court’s evaluation of evidence in cases concerning robbery and cases concerning rape, when the primary evidence is statements. Those differences can be found in different parts of the evaluation of evidence. It is shown in the general evaluation, in the factors which the court points out as important and at the requirement of supporting evidence. In connection to the legal court study it emerged as if victims of rape are reviewed with skepticism in an early stage of the case. The reflection is based upon the general evaluation and circumstances like, that there is more focus on details in the statement, the behavior of the victim and the supporting evidence in cases of rape.

The essay is based on a victimological perspective and Christie’s thesis about Ideal Victims has been chosen as tool to analyse and discuss the evaluation of evidence. Christie's thesis on ideal victims is used as argumentation about why there are differences in the evaluation of evidence. Among other things, there is a discussion about the circumstances that victims of robbery and its perpetrators are more likely to fulfil the criteria of Ideal victims than victims of rape. This can lead to the situation where victims are treated differently depending on what type of crime they have been exposed to. Victims of rape can for that reason have problems with being seen as reliable and perhaps questioned about their trustworthiness.

Finally the consequences of differences in the evaluation are discussed through the theories of a legal rights and rule of law. It is pointed out in the paper that the rule of law and its principles of predictability, equal treatment and protection against arbitrary rulings are to be applied also on victims of crimes. A high standard of proof leads to few or none are convicted of crimes they did not commit, but too high a standard of proof also result in few or none are convicted of crimes they have committed. The later scenario undermines law enforcement. The obvious choice, rather to free the accused than convict him, can in the long run lead to citizens losing faith in the legal system and the society's ability to law enforcement. This problem must continuously be kept in mind and discussed in order to find the right balance between these two opposites.

It is important to discuss any differences in the evaluation of evidence for the reason that there are so many conflicting, and as it seems preconceived, ideas involved when it comes to rape. These prejudices exist among ordinary people in the society, highly
educated as well as low educated and most likely also in the courts. Everyone has an opinion, consciously or unconsciously, about circumstances connected to sex and everyone has different perspectives and experiences regarding sex and rape. When it comes to robbery, the question is not as infected. The fact that different crimes can affect people in such different ways, should by itself lead to the result that it should be obvious to have a constant discussion about what is of importance in the evaluation of evidences. It is also important to constantly discuss what circumstances that affects or could affect the evaluation of evidence directly or indirectly.

Rape ought to be a complete equivalent situation to robbery without witnesses, if all moral concerns and preconceptions about sex are washed away. It might be impossible for the court to conclude what happened in the two situations, but the starting point should be the same. All individuals should enter al legal process as equal individuals who are not to be questioned, judged or evaluated in any other way than objectively. A person who has been a victim of a crime should always deserve to be treated equally, regardless of the crime committed against the person. A victim is a victim.}},
  author       = {{Söelund, Melina}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Ett offer är alltid ett offer! - En jämförande studie av bevisvärderingen i våldtäktsmål och rånmål}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}