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Generalklausul mot skatteflykt i Sverige och Australien - en komparativ analys

Svensson Olin, Ninni LU (2014) JURM02 20141
Department of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Skatteflykt är ett problem för många av världens suveräna stater. Det finns olika metoder för att bemöta problemet, vanligast är att en stat väljer att instifta en lagstiftning med en generalklausul eller att genom praxis utveckla riktlinjer för när en transaktion skall anses vara skatteflykt. I Sverige och Australien har lagstiftarna valt att genom generalklausuler försöka bekämpa skatteflykt. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka generalklausulernas olika utformning och hur utformningen påverkar tillämpningen av lagstiftningarna i Sverige respektive Australien. Lagstiftarna i de två länderna har valt olika sätt att lagstifta, i Sverige är generalklausulen utformad med både subjektiva och objektiva rekvisit, medan den... (More)
Skatteflykt är ett problem för många av världens suveräna stater. Det finns olika metoder för att bemöta problemet, vanligast är att en stat väljer att instifta en lagstiftning med en generalklausul eller att genom praxis utveckla riktlinjer för när en transaktion skall anses vara skatteflykt. I Sverige och Australien har lagstiftarna valt att genom generalklausuler försöka bekämpa skatteflykt. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka generalklausulernas olika utformning och hur utformningen påverkar tillämpningen av lagstiftningarna i Sverige respektive Australien. Lagstiftarna i de två länderna har valt olika sätt att lagstifta, i Sverige är generalklausulen utformad med både subjektiva och objektiva rekvisit, medan den australiensiska generalklausulen enbart består av objektiva rekvisit. I arbetet undersöks både lagstiftningarnas utformning och bakgrund, praxis gällande lagstiftningen samt forskning och debatt som aktualiserats kring generalklausulerna i Sverige och Australien.

Trots olika utformningar av lagstiftningarna brottas båda rättsordningarna med samma typer av problem och kritik. På grund av lagstiftningarnas utformning och domstolarnas tillämpning av generalklausulerna förekommer kritik både i Sverige och i Australien mot hur lagstiftningen utformats och hur domstolarna tillämpar den. De svenska domstolarnas tillämpning har kritiserats för att inte vara tillräckligt vägledande och välmotiverade, medan de australiensiska domstolarnas tillämpning har kritiserats för att ej definiera viktiga begrepp i lagstiftningen och för att lägga alltför stor vikt vid att bevara den formella objektiviteten i lagstiftningen.

I analysen diskuteras de likheter och skillnader som står att finna ländernas generalklausuler emellan och tillämpningen av dessa. Trots att det är två ganska olikt utformade generalklausuler så brottas de med samma problem med förutsägbarhet och konsekvent tillämpning. Även om generalklausulen formellt är objektiv, krävs subjektiva bedömningar för att fastställa om generalklausulen är tillämplig eller ej både i Sverige och Australien. Utmaningarna med lagstiftningen och dess tillämpning är således i princip samma i Sverige och Australien. För att åstadkomma en så förutsägbar och samtidigt flexibel lagstiftning som möjligt verkar det med utgångspunkt i svensk och australiensisk lagstiftning och dess tillämpning, krävas att det finns en generalklausul med brett tillämpningsområde som tillämpas konsekvent med utförlig motivering av domstolarna. (Less)
Abstract
Tax avoidance is an issue for many of the sovereign states of the world. Different methods are used in different countries to combat tax avoidance, the most common forms of anti-avoidance measure is either using legislation consisting of a general anti-avoidance rule or using case law to develop general guidelines for when a transaction should be considered tax avoidance. In Sweden and Australia the legislators have chosen to use general anti-avoidance rules to combat tax avoidance. The purpose of this thesis paper is to analyze the different general anti-avoidance rules in Sweden and Australia, and how the different ways of legislating affects the application of the legislations. The legislators in Sweden and Australia have chosen... (More)
Tax avoidance is an issue for many of the sovereign states of the world. Different methods are used in different countries to combat tax avoidance, the most common forms of anti-avoidance measure is either using legislation consisting of a general anti-avoidance rule or using case law to develop general guidelines for when a transaction should be considered tax avoidance. In Sweden and Australia the legislators have chosen to use general anti-avoidance rules to combat tax avoidance. The purpose of this thesis paper is to analyze the different general anti-avoidance rules in Sweden and Australia, and how the different ways of legislating affects the application of the legislations. The legislators in Sweden and Australia have chosen different approaches when it comes to legislating against tax avoidance. In Sweden the general anti-avoidance rule consists of both subjective and objective requirements, while the Australian general anti-avoidance rule only consists of objective requirements. In the thesis paper both the legislations’ formulation and background, case law, research and debate regarding the general anti-avoidance rules are analyzed.

Despite different formulations of the legislations do both Sweden and Australia struggle with the same issues and critique against the legislations. Because of the general anti-avoidance rules’ formulation and the courts’ unwillingness to define concepts in the legislations while applying them, both the Swedish and the Australian legislation has been the object of criticism. The Swedish courts have been criticized for not being clear enough and motivating the judgments enough, while the Australian courts have been criticized for not defining important concepts and be too attached to keeping the legislation formally objective.

In the analysis the differences and similarities between the Swedish and the Australian legislations and their application are discussed. The same issues arise in both legislations as there is a lack of predictability and consistency in the application. Even if the general anti-avoidance rule is objective is there a need for subjective reasoning to determine if the general anti-avoidance rule is applicable. The challenges with the application and formulation of the legislation are fairly identical in Sweden and Australia. To create a both predictable but also flexible legislation as possible, it seems that with the experiences with the Swedish and Australian legislations that a general anti-avoidance rule with a broad application that is applied in a consistent way by the courts with exhaustive motivations is the way to create the best conditions for general anti-avoidance rule. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Svensson Olin, Ninni LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
General Anti-Avoidance Rules in Sweden and Australia - A Comparative Analysis
course
JURM02 20141
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Income Tax Assessment Act, ITAA, generalklausul mot skatteflykt, generalklausul, komparativ studie, komparation, Australien, Sverige, lag mot skatteflykt, Skatterätt, skatteflykt, ITAA 1936, skatt, inkomstskatt, GAAR, General anti-avoidance rule, rättsvetenskap, internationellt perspektiv
language
Swedish
id
4449622
date added to LUP
2014-06-12 09:01:57
date last changed
2014-06-12 09:01:57
@misc{4449622,
  abstract     = {{Tax avoidance is an issue for many of the sovereign states of the world. Different methods are used in different countries to combat tax avoidance, the most common forms of anti-avoidance measure is either using legislation consisting of a general anti-avoidance rule or using case law to develop general guidelines for when a transaction should be considered tax avoidance. In Sweden and Australia the legislators have chosen to use general anti-avoidance rules to combat tax avoidance. The purpose of this thesis paper is to analyze the different general anti-avoidance rules in Sweden and Australia, and how the different ways of legislating affects the application of the legislations. The legislators in Sweden and Australia have chosen different approaches when it comes to legislating against tax avoidance. In Sweden the general anti-avoidance rule consists of both subjective and objective requirements, while the Australian general anti-avoidance rule only consists of objective requirements. In the thesis paper both the legislations’ formulation and background, case law, research and debate regarding the general anti-avoidance rules are analyzed.

Despite different formulations of the legislations do both Sweden and Australia struggle with the same issues and critique against the legislations. Because of the general anti-avoidance rules’ formulation and the courts’ unwillingness to define concepts in the legislations while applying them, both the Swedish and the Australian legislation has been the object of criticism. The Swedish courts have been criticized for not being clear enough and motivating the judgments enough, while the Australian courts have been criticized for not defining important concepts and be too attached to keeping the legislation formally objective. 

In the analysis the differences and similarities between the Swedish and the Australian legislations and their application are discussed. The same issues arise in both legislations as there is a lack of predictability and consistency in the application. Even if the general anti-avoidance rule is objective is there a need for subjective reasoning to determine if the general anti-avoidance rule is applicable. The challenges with the application and formulation of the legislation are fairly identical in Sweden and Australia. To create a both predictable but also flexible legislation as possible, it seems that with the experiences with the Swedish and Australian legislations that a general anti-avoidance rule with a broad application that is applied in a consistent way by the courts with exhaustive motivations is the way to create the best conditions for general anti-avoidance rule.}},
  author       = {{Svensson Olin, Ninni}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Generalklausul mot skatteflykt i Sverige och Australien - en komparativ analys}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}