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Olovligt spridande av privata bilder på internet

Blendberg, Ellen LU (2014) JURM02 20141
Department of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Uppsatsen redogör för rättsläget kring olovligt spridande av privata bilder på internet. I dagsläget bedöms sådant spridande vanligtvis som förtal i Sverige.
För att något ska utgöra förtal ska en uppgift ha spridits som varit ägnad att utsätta personen för andras missaktning. Bedömningen av huruvida en uppgift varit ägnad att utsätta en person för andras missaktning och huruvida personens ära blivit kränkt görs idag utifrån samhälleliga normer och värderingar.
Spridande av en bild eller film som visar att en person är naken eller har samlag anses inte i sig vara ägnat att utsätta personen för andras missaktning. De svenska domstolarna har istället, för att kunna komma åt denna typ av kränkningar, konstruerat nya argument. Det resoneras... (More)
Uppsatsen redogör för rättsläget kring olovligt spridande av privata bilder på internet. I dagsläget bedöms sådant spridande vanligtvis som förtal i Sverige.
För att något ska utgöra förtal ska en uppgift ha spridits som varit ägnad att utsätta personen för andras missaktning. Bedömningen av huruvida en uppgift varit ägnad att utsätta en person för andras missaktning och huruvida personens ära blivit kränkt görs idag utifrån samhälleliga normer och värderingar.
Spridande av en bild eller film som visar att en person är naken eller har samlag anses inte i sig vara ägnat att utsätta personen för andras missaktning. De svenska domstolarna har istället, för att kunna komma åt denna typ av kränkningar, konstruerat nya argument. Det resoneras exempelvis som att om en nakenbild ger intrycket av att personen på bilden velat att den ska visas för andra kan spridningen av den anses ägnad att utsätta personen för andras missaktning. Detta innebär också, att om samhället av domstolarna anses bli mer tolerant i förhållande till exempelvis sexualitet spelar det mindre roll om en persons personliga integritet de facto kränkts av spridande av privata bilder.
Förtalsbrottet återfinns i brottsbalkens kapitel om ärekränkning, som avser att skydda enskildas ära, men olovligt spridande av privata bilder på internet får många gånger enorma konsekvenser för offret, och kan i högre grad kunna anses kränka den enskildes personliga integritet.
Integritetskränkningar regleras för Sveriges räkning huvudsakligen i brottsbalkens kapitel om brott mot frihet och fred och fridsbrotten anses mer allvarliga än ärekränkningsbrotten. Exempelvis finns det särskilda åtalsbegränsande regler för ärekränkningsbrotten och de ska primärt åtalas av målsägaren. Fridsbrotten sätter upp lägre krav för att åtal ska få väckas och har högre straffskalor.
Den typ av kränkningar som olovligt spridande av privata bilder på internet innebär har inte bara uppmärksammats i Sverige. Också andra länder har märkt av ökade problem med bildspridning, och valt olika sätt att kriminalisera detta. Vissa har haft regler sedan tidigare som numera också kan tillämpas på spridning via internet, och vissa har kriminaliserat bildspridningen nyligen som en reaktion på det ökade antalet fall.
För Sveriges del är det viktigt att lagstiftaren prioriterar upp de kränkningar av den personliga integriteten som olovlig spridning av privata bilder på internet innebär. Detta bör göras genom att reglera olovligt spridande av privata bilder på internet i brottsbalkens kapitel om brott mot frihet och frid. Med fördel skulle också andra typer av kränkningar på internet kunna regleras här, alternativt kunde spridningsparagrafen reglera mer generellt, storskaligt spridande av privat information enligt finsk modell. (Less)
Abstract
The subject of this essay is the legal situation regarding unauthorized distribution of private photos on the Internet. Today, such distribution is usually judged as defamation in Sweden.
For something to constitute defamation, information shall have been spread that was intended to subject the person to other people's contempt. The determination of whether a statement was likely to expose a person to other people's contempt and whether the person's honor can be considered wronged is today made based on social norms and values. Distribution of an image or movie that shows that a person is naked or having sexual intercourse is not in itself considered to be intended to expose the person to other people's contempt. The Swedish courts have... (More)
The subject of this essay is the legal situation regarding unauthorized distribution of private photos on the Internet. Today, such distribution is usually judged as defamation in Sweden.
For something to constitute defamation, information shall have been spread that was intended to subject the person to other people's contempt. The determination of whether a statement was likely to expose a person to other people's contempt and whether the person's honor can be considered wronged is today made based on social norms and values. Distribution of an image or movie that shows that a person is naked or having sexual intercourse is not in itself considered to be intended to expose the person to other people's contempt. The Swedish courts have instead, in order to be able to sentence this type of violations, constructed new arguments. For example, if a nude picture gives the impression that the person in the picture wanted the picture to be shown to others, the distribution of the picture is likely to be considered intended to expose the person to other people's contempt. This also means that if the courts consider the social norms to become more tolerant regarding sexuality for example, it makes little difference whether a person's privacy in fact has been violated by the distribution of the private photos.
Defamation is part of Sweden’s Criminal chapter on defamation, designed to protect individual honor. However, unauthorized distribution of private photos on the Internet may often be considered to violate personal privacy and integrity. Privacy violations are mainly part of the Criminal chapter on crimes against liberty and peace which are considered more serious than defamation crimes. For example, there are restrictive prosecution provisions on defamation offenses and defamation will primarily be prosecuted by the plaintiff. Crimes against liberty and peace sets lower standards for prosecution and provide higher penalties.
The type of violation that unauthorized distribution of private photos on the Internet means has not only attracted attention in Sweden. Other countries have also noticed increased problems with photo distribution, and chosen different ways of criminalization. Some countries have had existing rules which can now also be applied to distribution via the Internet, and some have criminalized photo distribution recently in response to the increased number of cases.
For Sweden, it is now important that the government prioritizes the privacy and integrity violations that unauthorized distribution of private photos on the Internet mean. This should be done by regulating unauthorized distribution of private pictures on the Internet in the Criminal chapter on crimes against liberty and peace. Advantageously other types of violations on the Internet could also be regulated here, or the paragraph could regulate more generally, large-scale distribution of private information, like in Finland. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Blendberg, Ellen LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Unauthorized distribution of private photos on the Internet
course
JURM02 20141
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Straffrätt, Förtal
language
Swedish
id
4451067
date added to LUP
2014-06-12 08:33:56
date last changed
2014-06-12 08:33:56
@misc{4451067,
  abstract     = {{The subject of this essay is the legal situation regarding unauthorized distribution of private photos on the Internet. Today, such distribution is usually judged as defamation in Sweden.
For something to constitute defamation, information shall have been spread that was intended to subject the person to other people's contempt. The determination of whether a statement was likely to expose a person to other people's contempt and whether the person's honor can be considered wronged is today made based on social norms and values. Distribution of an image or movie that shows that a person is naked or having sexual intercourse is not in itself considered to be intended to expose the person to other people's contempt. The Swedish courts have instead, in order to be able to sentence this type of violations, constructed new arguments. For example, if a nude picture gives the impression that the person in the picture wanted the picture to be shown to others, the distribution of the picture is likely to be considered intended to expose the person to other people's contempt. This also means that if the courts consider the social norms to become more tolerant regarding sexuality for example, it makes little difference whether a person's privacy in fact has been violated by the distribution of the private photos.
Defamation is part of Sweden’s Criminal chapter on defamation, designed to protect individual honor. However, unauthorized distribution of private photos on the Internet may often be considered to violate personal privacy and integrity. Privacy violations are mainly part of the Criminal chapter on crimes against liberty and peace which are considered more serious than defamation crimes. For example, there are restrictive prosecution provisions on defamation offenses and defamation will primarily be prosecuted by the plaintiff. Crimes against liberty and peace sets lower standards for prosecution and provide higher penalties.
The type of violation that unauthorized distribution of private photos on the Internet means has not only attracted attention in Sweden. Other countries have also noticed increased problems with photo distribution, and chosen different ways of criminalization. Some countries have had existing rules which can now also be applied to distribution via the Internet, and some have criminalized photo distribution recently in response to the increased number of cases.
For Sweden, it is now important that the government prioritizes the privacy and integrity violations that unauthorized distribution of private photos on the Internet mean. This should be done by regulating unauthorized distribution of private pictures on the Internet in the Criminal chapter on crimes against liberty and peace. Advantageously other types of violations on the Internet could also be regulated here, or the paragraph could regulate more generally, large-scale distribution of private information, like in Finland.}},
  author       = {{Blendberg, Ellen}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Olovligt spridande av privata bilder på internet}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}