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Skevdelning vid äktenskapets upplösning - Behöver reglerna ändras? - En komparativ studie av skevdelningsreglerna i Sverige, Norge och Danmark

Björklund, Olle LU (2014) JURM02 20142
Department of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Denna framställning syftar till att analysera de möjligheter till jämkning av bodelningsresultat som återfinns i den norska danska och svenska rättsordningen. Utgångspunkten i arbetet är Anna Christensens teori om de normativa grundmönstren. Huvudprincipen i samtliga länder är att makarnas giftorättsgods, sedan avdrag för skulder genomförts, delas lika. Med samhällets förändring har undantag till denna utgångspunkt ansetts behövliga. Man ansåg under tidigt 1900-tal att en ekonomisk utjämning var det mest rättvisa vid ett äktenskaps upplösande. Förutsättningarna sedan dess har förändrats. De ekonomiska klyftorna mellan män och kvinnor har minskat. Vidare upplöses allt fler äktenskap tidigt vilket har medfört att likadelning som norm har... (More)
Denna framställning syftar till att analysera de möjligheter till jämkning av bodelningsresultat som återfinns i den norska danska och svenska rättsordningen. Utgångspunkten i arbetet är Anna Christensens teori om de normativa grundmönstren. Huvudprincipen i samtliga länder är att makarnas giftorättsgods, sedan avdrag för skulder genomförts, delas lika. Med samhällets förändring har undantag till denna utgångspunkt ansetts behövliga. Man ansåg under tidigt 1900-tal att en ekonomisk utjämning var det mest rättvisa vid ett äktenskaps upplösande. Förutsättningarna sedan dess har förändrats. De ekonomiska klyftorna mellan män och kvinnor har minskat. Vidare upplöses allt fler äktenskap tidigt vilket har medfört att likadelning som norm har ifrågasatts och praktiska regler att komma tillrätta med oskäliga bodelningsresultat ansetts nödvändiga.
Familjerätten i de nordiska länderna har under 1900-talet genomgått stora förändringar. I strävan efter jämställdhet och ekonomisk självständighet mellan makar kom man genom lagstiftningsåtgärder under tidigt 1900-tal att frångå den tidigare gällande ordningen. Denna var baserad på en syn av äktenskapet som ett oupplösligt kontrakt där kvinnan var underordnad mannen. Genom industrialismen kom kvinnor i större utsträckning att förvärvsarbeta. Samhället kom i allt större takt att ta över det ansvar och den ekonomiska trygghet som familjen tidigare hade stått för. I arbetet med att reformera äktenskapsrätten diskuterades flitigt alternativ till den breda täckningen av giftorätten som likadelningsprincipen innebar. Därvid diskuterades om man skulle införa en annan form av delning som huvudregel. Trots ambitionen att främja individualitet och ekonomisk självständighet kom likadelningsprincipen som kanske det starkaste uttrycket för gemenskapstanken idag att kvarstå. Detta trots att man på många andra områden genomförde ändringar i linje med den nya målsättningen till exempel genom införandet av den fria skilsmässan.
För svensk del infördes en utpräglad skälighetsbedömning med grundtanken att giftorätten successivt växer fram under de första åren av äktenskap med nya äktenskapsbalkens ikraftträdande 1988. För norsk del har man infört en materiell huvudregel som stadgar att make har rätt att undanta värden av sådan egendom denne innehaft innan det att äktenskap ingicks eller senare förvärvat genom arv eller gåva. Det har betonats att utgångspunkten för giftorätten bör vara den egendom som makarna i någon mån ansetts skapa tillsammans genom sina insatser. Frågan kan ställas om tiden är mogen för Sverige att på liknande sätt inskränka giftorättens täckning. Detta kan synas särskilt motiverat i en tid där skilsmässor och omgiften är vanliga. Med utgångspunkt i samma grundtanke bör dock försiktighet intas i fråga om långvariga äktenskap. En ekonomisk sammanblandning torde vara ofrånkomlig och naturlig i äktenskapet och make kan genom sina insatser anses berättigade till en viss del av den andres egendom oavsett hur denna förvärvats. (Less)
Abstract
The aim of this thesis is to discuss the possibilities of adjusting unreasonable results when dividing marital property. A comparative study of the relevant legislation in the Swedish Danish and Norwegian legal systems have been conducted. The premise of the discussion is Anna Christensen’s Theory of Normative Patterns. The main principle in all of the compared countries is that the spouses combined marital property, when creditors have had their debts covered, is divided equally. The marital property in the Swedish legal system consists of all the property which a spouse owns, regardless of whether it was acquired before or after the spouses entered into marriage. Property acquired through heritage, wills or gifts is also considered part... (More)
The aim of this thesis is to discuss the possibilities of adjusting unreasonable results when dividing marital property. A comparative study of the relevant legislation in the Swedish Danish and Norwegian legal systems have been conducted. The premise of the discussion is Anna Christensen’s Theory of Normative Patterns. The main principle in all of the compared countries is that the spouses combined marital property, when creditors have had their debts covered, is divided equally. The marital property in the Swedish legal system consists of all the property which a spouse owns, regardless of whether it was acquired before or after the spouses entered into marriage. Property acquired through heritage, wills or gifts is also considered part of the marital property. The principle was adopted by all Nordic countries in the early 20th century as a means to achieve equality between men and woman. The principle of equal division sought to achieve an economical equalization and was considered to be the fairest way of dividing the marital property. During the course of the 20th century many of the justifications of the equal division principle have been questioned. The economical rifts between men and women have narrowed. The amount of transient marriages has successively increased and the need for efficient rules to combat unreasonable results when dividing marital property has increased with it.
Family law during the 20th century in the Nordic countries have undergone major changes. In the law predating these changes the marriage was considered an insoluble status relation and women in marriages had limited legal capacity. From this status relation stems the idea of there being a community between the spouses which to this day in many ways still characterizes the legal regulation with the equal division principle as perhaps the most notable example. The ambition during the 20th century has most notably been to achieve economic independence and equality between men and women. The idea of economic independence and individuality stands in contrast to the idea of community between the spouses and have led to, for example, the introduction of the freedom of divorce and the abolition of the spouses obligation to keep their marital property in good condition. There was plentiful discussion about whether or not to keep the principle of equal division before the marriage code of 1988 was executed, however, the equal division principle was found to still be the most just and efficient way to divide the spouses’ marital property. Instead a rule to adjust unreasonable results when dividing marital property was introduced. The idea of community between the spouses is even though the aim to achieve economic independence and individuality still strong in contemporary Swedish matrimonial law.
The primary way to adjust unreasonable results when dividing marital property in Sweden is through a subjective assessment based on the idea that the claim to equal division progressively grows stronger during the first five years of marriage. Time is the predominant factor to consider but the spouses’ economic situation and other relevant circumstances may also factor in. Through the marriage act of 1991 Norway has adopted a different stance. The value of all property which can be traced to property a spouse owned before entering marriage or property which the spouse acquired through gifts or heritage may be excluded from the division of the marital property unless it should lead to obviously unreasonable results.
It has been said that the basis of what should be considered marital property should be what the spouses together have helped to achieve. With this in mind one could ask if the Swedish legal system is ready to adopt a different stance on what should be considered matrimonial property. Speaking for this stance is that short-time marriages have become more frequent and the fact the many marriages of today are remarriages. An introduction of a similar stance in Sweden could however also lead to unsatisfying results in the case of long-time marriages. In these cases it would seem that an economic integration between the spouses is unavoidable and natural. It could be considered that a spouse through their efforts in a long-time marriage have to some degree earned a claim to acquire some of the other spouse’s property if the marriage is dissolved regardless of how or when it was acquired. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Björklund, Olle LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Adjusting Unreasonable Results When Dividing Marital Property in Swedish Law – Do the Rules Need to be Changed? - A Comparative Study of the Possibilities to Adjust Unreasonable Results When Dividing Marital Property in Sweden, Norway and Denmark
course
JURM02 20142
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
äktenskapsbalken 12:2, äktenskapsbalken 12:1, skevdelning, normativa mönster, familjerätt, likadelningsprincipen, jämkning vid bodelning, normativa grundmönster
language
Swedish
id
4913911
date added to LUP
2015-01-27 21:46:05
date last changed
2015-01-27 21:46:05
@misc{4913911,
  abstract     = {{The aim of this thesis is to discuss the possibilities of adjusting unreasonable results when dividing marital property. A comparative study of the relevant legislation in the Swedish Danish and Norwegian legal systems have been conducted. The premise of the discussion is Anna Christensen’s Theory of Normative Patterns. The main principle in all of the compared countries is that the spouses combined marital property, when creditors have had their debts covered, is divided equally. The marital property in the Swedish legal system consists of all the property which a spouse owns, regardless of whether it was acquired before or after the spouses entered into marriage. Property acquired through heritage, wills or gifts is also considered part of the marital property. The principle was adopted by all Nordic countries in the early 20th century as a means to achieve equality between men and woman. The principle of equal division sought to achieve an economical equalization and was considered to be the fairest way of dividing the marital property. During the course of the 20th century many of the justifications of the equal division principle have been questioned. The economical rifts between men and women have narrowed. The amount of transient marriages has successively increased and the need for efficient rules to combat unreasonable results when dividing marital property has increased with it. 
Family law during the 20th century in the Nordic countries have undergone major changes. In the law predating these changes the marriage was considered an insoluble status relation and women in marriages had limited legal capacity. From this status relation stems the idea of there being a community between the spouses which to this day in many ways still characterizes the legal regulation with the equal division principle as perhaps the most notable example. The ambition during the 20th century has most notably been to achieve economic independence and equality between men and women. The idea of economic independence and individuality stands in contrast to the idea of community between the spouses and have led to, for example, the introduction of the freedom of divorce and the abolition of the spouses obligation to keep their marital property in good condition. There was plentiful discussion about whether or not to keep the principle of equal division before the marriage code of 1988 was executed, however, the equal division principle was found to still be the most just and efficient way to divide the spouses’ marital property. Instead a rule to adjust unreasonable results when dividing marital property was introduced. The idea of community between the spouses is even though the aim to achieve economic independence and individuality still strong in contemporary Swedish matrimonial law.
The primary way to adjust unreasonable results when dividing marital property in Sweden is through a subjective assessment based on the idea that the claim to equal division progressively grows stronger during the first five years of marriage. Time is the predominant factor to consider but the spouses’ economic situation and other relevant circumstances may also factor in. Through the marriage act of 1991 Norway has adopted a different stance. The value of all property which can be traced to property a spouse owned before entering marriage or property which the spouse acquired through gifts or heritage may be excluded from the division of the marital property unless it should lead to obviously unreasonable results. 
It has been said that the basis of what should be considered marital property should be what the spouses together have helped to achieve. With this in mind one could ask if the Swedish legal system is ready to adopt a different stance on what should be considered matrimonial property. Speaking for this stance is that short-time marriages have become more frequent and the fact the many marriages of today are remarriages. An introduction of a similar stance in Sweden could however also lead to unsatisfying results in the case of long-time marriages. In these cases it would seem that an economic integration between the spouses is unavoidable and natural. It could be considered that a spouse through their efforts in a long-time marriage have to some degree earned a claim to acquire some of the other spouse’s property if the marriage is dissolved regardless of how or when it was acquired.}},
  author       = {{Björklund, Olle}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Skevdelning vid äktenskapets upplösning - Behöver reglerna ändras? - En komparativ studie av skevdelningsreglerna i Sverige, Norge och Danmark}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}