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Surrogatmoderskap -särskilt om de rättsliga komplikationer som kan uppstå i samband med förfarandet

Brandin, Sandra LU (2014) JURM02 20142
Department of Law
Abstract
The woman who gives birth to a child is considered to be the legal mother. According to the statutory presumption of maternity in Föräldrabalken (1949: 381) (Children and Parents’ Code) Chapter 1 § 7, the woman who gives birth to a child is considered to bo the childs mother if, the child is conceived through a in vitro fertilization with donor eggs. Her husband is presumed to be the father of the child. If the mother is not married at the birth of the child, paternity is established through a court order or confirmation. The legal parenthood is the basis for the regulation of custody, residence and contact.

Assisted reproduction technology can be appropriate for infertile couples. In Sweden, two methods of assisted reproduction... (More)
The woman who gives birth to a child is considered to be the legal mother. According to the statutory presumption of maternity in Föräldrabalken (1949: 381) (Children and Parents’ Code) Chapter 1 § 7, the woman who gives birth to a child is considered to bo the childs mother if, the child is conceived through a in vitro fertilization with donor eggs. Her husband is presumed to be the father of the child. If the mother is not married at the birth of the child, paternity is established through a court order or confirmation. The legal parenthood is the basis for the regulation of custody, residence and contact.

Assisted reproduction technology can be appropriate for infertile couples. In Sweden, two methods of assisted reproduction technology is permitted: artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization. Adoption is jet another option for infertile couples.

Surrogate motherhood is when a woman carries and gives birth to a child with the expressed intention to surrender the child to the intended parents. The method is not allowed under Swedish law, but the question is currently under going investigation. Several countries around the world are allowing different types of surrogacy. Involuntarily childless couples in Sweden sometimes travel to these countries to use a surrogate mother.

Swedish law is not adapted for surrogacy or for those children who have been born through a surrogate mother. A variety of legal problems can therefor occur after a successful surrogacy arrangement. The Swedish presumption of maternity points out the surrogate mother as the legal mother of the child. According to the presumption of paternity the husband of the surrogate mother is considered to be the father of the child. The surrogate mother alone, or together with a potential husband, is considered to be the child’s guardian. That means that the intended parents are not entitled to represent the child. Legal complications can therefore occor
when a surrogate arrangement is made abroad and the intended parents want to apply for Swedish citizenship, passport or residence permit for the child. The child will then be in Sweden without a legal representative. If the intended father is the child's genetic father, he can be determined to be the legal father of the child by judgment or confirmation in Sweden or by a foreign judgment recognized in Sweden or through a foreign valid confirmation. Then he can apply to become the guardian of the child. The consent of the surrogate mother will probably be required. The intended mother may become the legal parent of the child through an adoption. The same applies to the intended father if he is not the genetic father of the child. The adoption must be carried out according to the adoption legislation, which is not adapted for surrogacy. The intended parents are entitled to child benefit and parental benefits, only after they have been appointed as the child's guardians. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Den kvinna som föder ett barn anses vara barnets rättsliga moder. Enligt den lagstadgade moderskapsregeln i 1 kap. 7 § Föräldrabalken (1949:381) anses den kvinna som föder ett barn som avlats genom en befruktning utanför kroppen med en annan kvinnas ägg vara barnets moder. Det föreligger en faderskapspresumtion för moderns make. Om modern inte är gift vid barnets födelse fastställs faderskapet genom dom eller bekräftelse. Det rättsliga föräldraskapet är utgångspunkt för regleringen om vårdnad, boende och umgänge.

Assisterad befruktning kan bli aktuellt för ofrivilligt barnlösa par. I Sverige är två metoder av assisterad befruktning tillåten: insemination och befruktning utanför kroppen. Adoption är ytterligare ett alternativ för... (More)
Den kvinna som föder ett barn anses vara barnets rättsliga moder. Enligt den lagstadgade moderskapsregeln i 1 kap. 7 § Föräldrabalken (1949:381) anses den kvinna som föder ett barn som avlats genom en befruktning utanför kroppen med en annan kvinnas ägg vara barnets moder. Det föreligger en faderskapspresumtion för moderns make. Om modern inte är gift vid barnets födelse fastställs faderskapet genom dom eller bekräftelse. Det rättsliga föräldraskapet är utgångspunkt för regleringen om vårdnad, boende och umgänge.

Assisterad befruktning kan bli aktuellt för ofrivilligt barnlösa par. I Sverige är två metoder av assisterad befruktning tillåten: insemination och befruktning utanför kroppen. Adoption är ytterligare ett alternativ för ofrivilligt barnlösa par.

Surrogatmoderskap innebär att en kvinna bär och föder ett barn med den uttalade avsikten att efter födseln överlämna barnet till ett ”beställande” par som inte själva kan eller vill bli gravida. Metoden är inte tillåten enligt svensk rätt, men frågan är för närvarande under statlig utredning. Flera länder runt om i världen tillåter surrogatmoderskap i olika variationer. Svenska ofrivilligt barnlösa par reser ibland till dessa länder för att få barn genom en surrogatmoder.

Svensk rätt är inte anpassad för surrogatmoderskap eller för de barn som har tillkommit genom en surrogatmoder. En mängd rättsliga problem kan därför uppstå efter ett genomfört surrogatarrangemang. Den svenska moderskapsregeln pekar ut surrogatmodern som barnets rättsliga moder. Enligt faderskapspresumtionen anses surrogatmoderns make vara barnets fader. Surrogatmodern anses ensam, eller tillsammans med en eventuell make, vara barnets vårdnadshavare. De tilltänkta föräldrarna har således inte rätt att företräda barnet. Det kan därför uppstå rättsliga komplikationer när ett surrogatarrangemang har genomförts i utlandet och de tilltänkta föräldrarna ska ansöka om svenskt medborgarskap, pass eller uppehållstillstånd för barnet. Barnet kommer sedan att befinna sig i Sverige utan någon rättslig ställföreträdare. Om den tilltänkta fadern är barnets genetiska fader, kan han fastställas som barnets rättsliga fader genom dom eller bekräftelse i Sverige eller genom en utländsk dom som erkänns i Sverige eller en giltig utländsk bekräftelse. Han kan därefter vid domstol eller familjerätt ansöka om att bli barnets vårdnadshavare. Surrogatmoderns samtycke kommer antagligen att krävas. Den tilltänkta modern kan bli barnets rättsliga förälder först genom en adoption. Detsamma gäller för den tilltänkta fadern i det fall han inte är barnets genetiska fader. Adoptionen måste ske i enlighet med adoptionslagstiftningen, vilken inte är anpassad för surrogatmoderskap. De tilltänkta föräldrarna har rätt till barnbidrag och föräldrapenning först när de har förordnats som barnets vårdnadshavare. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Brandin, Sandra LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Surrogate motherhood -specifically on the legal complications that may occure during the procedure
course
JURM02 20142
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
surrogatmoderskap, Familjerätt
language
Swedish
id
4917985
date added to LUP
2015-04-21 14:40:34
date last changed
2015-04-21 14:40:34
@misc{4917985,
  abstract     = {{The woman who gives birth to a child is considered to be the legal mother. According to the statutory presumption of maternity in Föräldrabalken (1949: 381) (Children and Parents’ Code) Chapter 1 § 7, the woman who gives birth to a child is considered to bo the childs mother if, the child is conceived through a in vitro fertilization with donor eggs. Her husband is presumed to be the father of the child. If the mother is not married at the birth of the child, paternity is established through a court order or confirmation. The legal parenthood is the basis for the regulation of custody, residence and contact.

Assisted reproduction technology can be appropriate for infertile couples. In Sweden, two methods of assisted reproduction technology is permitted: artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization. Adoption is jet another option for infertile couples.

Surrogate motherhood is when a woman carries and gives birth to a child with the expressed intention to surrender the child to the intended parents. The method is not allowed under Swedish law, but the question is currently under going investigation. Several countries around the world are allowing different types of surrogacy. Involuntarily childless couples in Sweden sometimes travel to these countries to use a surrogate mother.

Swedish law is not adapted for surrogacy or for those children who have been born through a surrogate mother. A variety of legal problems can therefor occur after a successful surrogacy arrangement. The Swedish presumption of maternity points out the surrogate mother as the legal mother of the child. According to the presumption of paternity the husband of the surrogate mother is considered to be the father of the child. The surrogate mother alone, or together with a potential husband, is considered to be the child’s guardian. That means that the intended parents are not entitled to represent the child. Legal complications can therefore occor 
when a surrogate arrangement is made abroad and the intended parents want to apply for Swedish citizenship, passport or residence permit for the child. The child will then be in Sweden without a legal representative. If the intended father is the child's genetic father, he can be determined to be the legal father of the child by judgment or confirmation in Sweden or by a foreign judgment recognized in Sweden or through a foreign valid confirmation. Then he can apply to become the guardian of the child. The consent of the surrogate mother will probably be required. The intended mother may become the legal parent of the child through an adoption. The same applies to the intended father if he is not the genetic father of the child. The adoption must be carried out according to the adoption legislation, which is not adapted for surrogacy. The intended parents are entitled to child benefit and parental benefits, only after they have been appointed as the child's guardians.}},
  author       = {{Brandin, Sandra}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Surrogatmoderskap -särskilt om de rättsliga komplikationer som kan uppstå i samband med förfarandet}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}