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Spel med höga insatser - En rättsekonomisk analys av straffbestämmelser mot vadhållningsrelaterad fotbollsmatchfixning

Nalin Nilsson, Gustav LU (2018) JURM02 20181
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Vadhållningsrelaterad fotbollsmatchfixning innebär att en eller flera idrottsliga aktörer, på eget eller annans initiativ, manipulerar en fotbollsmatch (t.ex. genom avsiktliga misstag) i enlighet med en specifik vadhållning. Möjligheten att tjäna stora pengar med en relativt liten upptäcktsrisk gör matchfixning till en lockande aktivitet för såväl enskilda individer som kriminella nätverk. Det finns i Sverige i dagsläget ingen specifik straffbestämmelse som särskilt tar sikte på matchfixning. I de två hovrättsdomar gällande matchfixning som hittills har meddelats har bland annat mutbrottsbestämmelserna tillämpats men rättsläget framstår alltjämt som oklart avseende ett flertal av matchfixningens gärningar. Regeringen har under våren år... (More)
Vadhållningsrelaterad fotbollsmatchfixning innebär att en eller flera idrottsliga aktörer, på eget eller annans initiativ, manipulerar en fotbollsmatch (t.ex. genom avsiktliga misstag) i enlighet med en specifik vadhållning. Möjligheten att tjäna stora pengar med en relativt liten upptäcktsrisk gör matchfixning till en lockande aktivitet för såväl enskilda individer som kriminella nätverk. Det finns i Sverige i dagsläget ingen specifik straffbestämmelse som särskilt tar sikte på matchfixning. I de två hovrättsdomar gällande matchfixning som hittills har meddelats har bland annat mutbrottsbestämmelserna tillämpats men rättsläget framstår alltjämt som oklart avseende ett flertal av matchfixningens gärningar. Regeringen har under våren år 2018 föreslagit införandet av ett spelfuskbrott som särskilt tar sikte på vissa gärningar i samband med matchfixning. Spelfuskbrottet, som är en del av en genomgripande omreglering av spelmarknaden, föreslås träda i kraft den 1 januari 2019.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att identifiera de straffbestämmelser som i dagsläget kan betraktas som tillämpliga vid matchfixning samt att utvärdera gällande rätt samt det föreslagna spelfuskbrottet i förhållande till intresset av samhällsekonomisk effektivitet. Framställningen är avgränsad till svenska straffrättsliga förhållanden och är särskilt inriktad på matchfixningsgärningarnas brottsbeskrivningsenlighet i relation till mutbrotten, bedrägeribrotten och det föreslagna spelfuskbrottet.

Utvärderingen av gällande och föreslagna straffbestämmelser genomförs med tillämpning av en rättsekonomisk metod, vilket innebär att intresset av ett utnyttjande av samhällets resurser som främjar den totala samhälleliga tillfredsställelsen (samhällsekonomisk effektivitet) utgör analysens utgångspunkt. Resursfördelningen i samhället är beroende av människors val, vilka kan påverkas av exempelvis lagstiftning. Den rättsekonomiska teoribildningen antar att individer är rationella nyttomaximerare, vilket innebär att de strävar efter att tillfredsställa sina preferenser och vet hur de ska bete sig för att uppnå detta mål. I en osäker valsituation väljer en rationell nyttomaximerare det alternativ som genererar störst förväntad nytta. Den förväntade nyttan av att begå en viss gärning är bland annat beroende av upptäcktsrisken (risken för att bli upptäckt, åtalad och lagförd) och påföljden vid en eventuell dom. Dessa faktorer kan regleras bland annat med hjälp av straffbestämmelser. Kostnaderna för att justera dessa faktorer bör dock inte överstiga de kostnader som justeringen undanröjer.

Ur ett rättsekonomiskt perspektiv framstår det som det angeläget att matchfixningen bekämpas. Detta eftersom fenomenet har en negativ inverkan över den totala samhälleliga tillfredsställelsen. Särskilt kan framhållas den minskade förekomst av nyttoökande transaktioner (dels i termer av pengar, dels i termer av subjektivt upplevd nytta) mellan fotbollsrörelsens och spelmarknadens aktörer som följer av ett minskat förtroende för sporten. Olägenheten för utsatta idrottsaktörer och eventuell påverkan på sportens sociala värden utgör ytterligare exempel på matchfixningens nyttoreducerande effekter. Matchfixning hämmar alltså den samhällsekonomiska effektiviteten.

Möjligheterna att enligt gällande rätt komma åt matchfixningens gärningar är begränsade. Det är i princip bara användandet av vissa olagliga påtryckningsmetoder för att förmå idrottsliga aktörer att manipulera en match (t.ex. lämnandet av otillbörliga förmåner, hot och utpressning) samt mottagandet av otillbörliga förmåner som träffas av befintliga straffbestämmelser. Det står med andra ord, åtminstone ur ett straffrättsligt perspektiv, matchfixarna fritt att utan brottsliga medel förmå någon att otillbörligt påverka en match, att delta i själva matchmanipulationen eller att tjäna pengar på den manipulerade matchen. Det föreslagna spelfuskbrottet kriminaliserar de två första gärningarna men inte den sistnämnda.

I dagsläget får upptäcktsrisken vid matchfixning betraktas som låg, delvis på grund av avsaknaden av ändamålsenliga straffbestämmelser. Vid vissa förfaranden är upptäcktsrisken obefintlig eftersom förutsättningar för lagföring saknas. I andra situationer kan mutbrottet bli tillämpligt men svårigheten att bevisa lämnande eller mottagande av en otillbörlig förmån kvarstår. Den nuvarande straffrättsliga regleringen på området kan med andra ord inte anses främja intresset av samhällsekonomisk effektivitet i tillfredsställande utsträckning.

Förslaget om spelfuskbrott kompenserar för den nuvarande straffrättsliga regleringens brister i flera avseenden. Bestämmelsen ökar förutsättningarna för lagföring och dess rekvisit omfattar fler potentiella gärningar än mutbrotten. Straffbudet måste alltså anses öka upptäcktsrisken mer än nuvarande straffrättslig reglering. Även vid påföljdsbestämningen kan det föreslagna straffbudet tänkas få viss betydelse eftersom skyddsobjektet är ett annat i jämförelse med mutbrotten. Spelfuskbrottet framstår alltså som mer ändamålsenligt och har bättre förutsättningar att påverka den potentielle matchfixarens förväntade nytta än befintliga straffbestämmelser. Ett eventuellt spelfuskbrott kan alltså tänkas främja intresset av samhällsekonomisk effektivitet i större utsträckning än nuvarande straffrättslig reglering. (Less)
Abstract
Sports betting related football match-fixing involves one or more participants manipulating the course or ultimate result of a football match in accordance with a specific bet. The possibility of high returns from low risk makes match-fixing an appealing proposition for both individuals and criminal organisations. At the moment, there is no provision in Sweden which specifically addresses this phenomenon. In two rulings from the Court of Appeal, the bribery provisions have been applied. However, the state of the law regarding a variety of the acts that constitute match-fixing remains somewhat unclarified. The Government has during Spring 2018 proposed a provision covering betting-fraud, specifically targeting the acts which constitute... (More)
Sports betting related football match-fixing involves one or more participants manipulating the course or ultimate result of a football match in accordance with a specific bet. The possibility of high returns from low risk makes match-fixing an appealing proposition for both individuals and criminal organisations. At the moment, there is no provision in Sweden which specifically addresses this phenomenon. In two rulings from the Court of Appeal, the bribery provisions have been applied. However, the state of the law regarding a variety of the acts that constitute match-fixing remains somewhat unclarified. The Government has during Spring 2018 proposed a provision covering betting-fraud, specifically targeting the acts which constitute match-fixing. The betting-fraud provision, part of an extensive reform of the Swedish betting market, is scheduled to come into force by the 1st of January 2019.

The purpose of this thesis is to identify the provisions under criminal law that may be applied in relation to the acts constituting match-fixing, as well as evaluating the state of the law and the proposed betting-fraud provision from an economic point of view. The scope is confined to Swedish criminal law and focuses specifically on the legal requirements of the provisions concerning bribery, fraud and betting-fraud.

The evaluation of the applicable and proposed provisions is effected through the application of a law and economics perspective, which makes the consideration of an economically efficient allocation of the resources in society serve as the main basis of analysis. The allocation of resources in society depends on choices made by individuals. The school of law and economics presumes that individuals are rational utility maximisers, implying that they strive to satisfy their needs whilst having the requisite knowledge to be able to do so. In situations marked by uncertainty, the rational utility maximiser will, according to the theory, choose the option that generates the largest expected return. The expected utility of committing a certain crime depends partly on the risk of being caught and the possible penalty. These factors can be adjusted via provisions under criminal law. The cost of adjusting these factors should not, however, exceed the cost eliminated by the adjustment.

From a law and economics perspective, it appears critical to obstruct match-fixing, seeing that the phenomenon has a negative impact on larger economic efficiency. The lesser frequency of utility-increasing transactions amongst individuals acting in the football and betting markets, as a direct result of the diminished confidence in the sport, can be specifically accentuated. The inconvenience for the exposed sportsmen and a possible negative impact on the social values of football constitute further examples of the utility-reducing effects of match-fixing. Accordingly, match-fixing obstructs the interest of economic efficiency.

The possible options for tackling the acts of match-fixing under the current law are quite limited. Only acts involving the use of illegal methods to persuade sports participants to manipulate a match (for example giving and accepting bribes, threats and extortion) can be penalised, leaving unpunished acts such as persuasion without the use of illegal methods, participation in the manipulation of the match and making profit by betting on the fixed game. The proposed betting-fraud provision implies a criminalisation of the two former, leaving the latter without consideration.

Today the risk of detection with regards to match-fixing must be deemed as low, partly due to the absence of appropriate provisions under criminal law. With regards to some types of match-fixing operations, the detection risk is non-existent because of the lack of compatible provisions. In other situations, the bribery provisions may be applied, leaving, however, the difficult task of proving the giving or receiving of an undue benefit. In other words, the applicable provisions under criminal law cannot be considered as satisfactory from a law and economics perspective.

The proposed betting-fraud provision remedies to some extent, the defect of the current state of the law. The provision increases the possibilities to tackle match-fixing and its legal requirements compromise more potential acts than the bribery provisions. Therefore, the betting-fraud provision makes greater the risk of detection than the existing provisions under criminal law. The proposed provision may also carry greater weight when the penalty is decided, seeing that the object of protection is different in comparison to the bribery provisions. Accordingly, the betting-fraud provision appears to be more appropriate and better suited to influence the expected utility of the match fixer than the current provisions. Consequently, the betting-fraud provision could promote the interest of economic efficiency to a greater extent than the current state of the law. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Nalin Nilsson, Gustav LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Games with High Stakes - A Legal and Economic Analysis of Provisions under Criminal Law against Sports Betting Related Football Match-Fixing
course
JURM02 20181
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Rättsekonomi, Straffrätt, Matchfixning, Law and economics, Criminal law, Match-fixing
language
Swedish
id
8941007
date added to LUP
2018-06-08 13:21:14
date last changed
2018-06-08 13:21:14
@misc{8941007,
  abstract     = {{Sports betting related football match-fixing involves one or more participants manipulating the course or ultimate result of a football match in accordance with a specific bet. The possibility of high returns from low risk makes match-fixing an appealing proposition for both individuals and criminal organisations. At the moment, there is no provision in Sweden which specifically addresses this phenomenon. In two rulings from the Court of Appeal, the bribery provisions have been applied. However, the state of the law regarding a variety of the acts that constitute match-fixing remains somewhat unclarified. The Government has during Spring 2018 proposed a provision covering betting-fraud, specifically targeting the acts which constitute match-fixing. The betting-fraud provision, part of an extensive reform of the Swedish betting market, is scheduled to come into force by the 1st of January 2019.

The purpose of this thesis is to identify the provisions under criminal law that may be applied in relation to the acts constituting match-fixing, as well as evaluating the state of the law and the proposed betting-fraud provision from an economic point of view. The scope is confined to Swedish criminal law and focuses specifically on the legal requirements of the provisions concerning bribery, fraud and betting-fraud. 

The evaluation of the applicable and proposed provisions is effected through the application of a law and economics perspective, which makes the consideration of an economically efficient allocation of the resources in society serve as the main basis of analysis. The allocation of resources in society depends on choices made by individuals. The school of law and economics presumes that individuals are rational utility maximisers, implying that they strive to satisfy their needs whilst having the requisite knowledge to be able to do so. In situations marked by uncertainty, the rational utility maximiser will, according to the theory, choose the option that generates the largest expected return. The expected utility of committing a certain crime depends partly on the risk of being caught and the possible penalty. These factors can be adjusted via provisions under criminal law. The cost of adjusting these factors should not, however, exceed the cost eliminated by the adjustment.

From a law and economics perspective, it appears critical to obstruct match-fixing, seeing that the phenomenon has a negative impact on larger economic efficiency. The lesser frequency of utility-increasing transactions amongst individuals acting in the football and betting markets, as a direct result of the diminished confidence in the sport, can be specifically accentuated. The inconvenience for the exposed sportsmen and a possible negative impact on the social values of football constitute further examples of the utility-reducing effects of match-fixing. Accordingly, match-fixing obstructs the interest of economic efficiency. 
 
The possible options for tackling the acts of match-fixing under the current law are quite limited. Only acts involving the use of illegal methods to persuade sports participants to manipulate a match (for example giving and accepting bribes, threats and extortion) can be penalised, leaving unpunished acts such as persuasion without the use of illegal methods, participation in the manipulation of the match and making profit by betting on the fixed game. The proposed betting-fraud provision implies a criminalisation of the two former, leaving the latter without consideration.

Today the risk of detection with regards to match-fixing must be deemed as low, partly due to the absence of appropriate provisions under criminal law. With regards to some types of match-fixing operations, the detection risk is non-existent because of the lack of compatible provisions. In other situations, the bribery provisions may be applied, leaving, however, the difficult task of proving the giving or receiving of an undue benefit. In other words, the applicable provisions under criminal law cannot be considered as satisfactory from a law and economics perspective.

The proposed betting-fraud provision remedies to some extent, the defect of the current state of the law. The provision increases the possibilities to tackle match-fixing and its legal requirements compromise more potential acts than the bribery provisions. Therefore, the betting-fraud provision makes greater the risk of detection than the existing provisions under criminal law. The proposed provision may also carry greater weight when the penalty is decided, seeing that the object of protection is different in comparison to the bribery provisions. Accordingly, the betting-fraud provision appears to be more appropriate and better suited to influence the expected utility of the match fixer than the current provisions. Consequently, the betting-fraud provision could promote the interest of economic efficiency to a greater extent than the current state of the law.}},
  author       = {{Nalin Nilsson, Gustav}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Spel med höga insatser - En rättsekonomisk analys av straffbestämmelser mot vadhållningsrelaterad fotbollsmatchfixning}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}