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När chefen är en app - Hur det civilrättsliga arbetstagarbegreppet förhåller sig till arbete via digitala plattformar

Linnå, Elin LU (2018) JURM02 20182
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
En ny anställningsform som växt fram i digitaliseringens fotspår är arbete som utförs via digitala plattformar. Plattformsarbete är en del av en större pågående strukturell förändring, nämligen flexibiliseringen av arbetsmarknaden. Denna strukturella förändring gör att den nuvarande gränsen mellan arbetstagare och uppdragstagare suddas ut. Begreppet arbetstagare anger gränserna för arbetslagstiftningens tillämpningsområde i personligt hänseende. Denna uppsats syftar till att beskriva och analysera hur det svenska civilrättsliga arbetstagarbegreppet förhåller sig till plattformsarbete och på så sätt finna svar på om arbetstagarbegreppet fungerar i en modern plattformsekonomi.

Det finns ingen legaldefinition av arbetstagarbegreppet utan... (More)
En ny anställningsform som växt fram i digitaliseringens fotspår är arbete som utförs via digitala plattformar. Plattformsarbete är en del av en större pågående strukturell förändring, nämligen flexibiliseringen av arbetsmarknaden. Denna strukturella förändring gör att den nuvarande gränsen mellan arbetstagare och uppdragstagare suddas ut. Begreppet arbetstagare anger gränserna för arbetslagstiftningens tillämpningsområde i personligt hänseende. Denna uppsats syftar till att beskriva och analysera hur det svenska civilrättsliga arbetstagarbegreppet förhåller sig till plattformsarbete och på så sätt finna svar på om arbetstagarbegreppet fungerar i en modern plattformsekonomi.

Det finns ingen legaldefinition av arbetstagarbegreppet utan begreppet har utvecklats i rättspraxis, förarbeten och doktrin. För att avgöra om den arbetspresterande parten i ett enskilt fall är arbetstagare eller inte svensk rätt görs en helhetsbedömning utifrån samtliga relevanta omständigheter. Genom att använda den rättsdogmatiska metoden har jag kommit fram till att arbetstagarbegreppet fungerar i plattformsekonomin, trots plattformsarbetets särskilda karaktär. Min slutsats är att det är möjligt att bedöma de grundläggande rekvisiten i relation till plattformsarbete och att de därmed inte vållar några svårigheter för gränsdragningen. Den befintliga gränsdragningsmetoden är flexibel eftersom domstolarna vid helhetsbedömningen beaktar ett stort antal omständigheter som dessutom viktas olika från fall till fall. En fördel med metoden är att helhetsbedömningen inte bara utgår från avtalet, utan också från hur förhållandena faktiskt har gestaltat sig mellan avtalsparterna.

Svårigheten att klassificera plattformsarbetare väcker frågan om hur den traditionella gränsdragningen mellan arbetstagare och uppdragstagare ska tillämpas i plattformsekonomin. Vilken grad av kontroll plattformsföretagen har över organiseringen av arbetet och arbetsvillkoren anses vara avgörande för hur plattformsarbete ska klassificeras. Att tillmäta den arbetspresterande partens ekonomiska beroende ökad betydelse skulle kunna medföra en utvidgning av arbetstagarbegreppet och vara av stor betydelse för klassificeringen av plattformsarbetare. I Sverige finns ännu inga domstolsavgöranden där en plattformarbetares rättsliga status prövats mot arbetstagarbegreppet. Vilken betydelse olika tillkommande bedömningskriterier specifika för plattformsekonomin får för den totala helhetsbedömningen återstår att se. (Less)
Abstract
Work supplied through digital platforms is a new form of employment that has emerged in the course of digitalization. Platform work is part of a bigger ongoing structural shift, namely the flexibilisation of working life. This structural shift blurs out the distinction between an employee and a self-employed worker. The personal scope of Swedish labor law is defined by use of the notion of employee. This study aims to describe and analyze how the Swedish civil law notion of employee relates to platform work and by doing so find answers to whether the notion of employee could operate in a modern platform economy.

The notion of employee is not statutorily defined. Instead its content has been described and developed by the courts in case... (More)
Work supplied through digital platforms is a new form of employment that has emerged in the course of digitalization. Platform work is part of a bigger ongoing structural shift, namely the flexibilisation of working life. This structural shift blurs out the distinction between an employee and a self-employed worker. The personal scope of Swedish labor law is defined by use of the notion of employee. This study aims to describe and analyze how the Swedish civil law notion of employee relates to platform work and by doing so find answers to whether the notion of employee could operate in a modern platform economy.

The notion of employee is not statutorily defined. Instead its content has been described and developed by the courts in case law, the legislator in preparatory works and the legal doctrine. In order to determine whether or not a specific person is an employee in Swedish labor law the court makes an overall assessment of the situation, taking all the relevant factors of the individual case into consideration. By using a legal-dogmatic method I conclude that the notion of employee could operate in the platform economy, despite the particular nature of platform work. My conclusion is that it is possible to assess the basic prerequisites in relation to platform work, and that, therefore, they do not cause any difficulties for the assessment of a person’s status. The current method to determine whether or not a specific person is an employee is flexible in that the courts in the overall assessment take a large number of circumstances into consideration that are also weighted differently on a case-by-case basis. One of the advantages of the method is that it consists not only of an assessment of the contract, but also of the actual situation between the contract parties.

The complexity of classifying platform workers raises the question of how to apply the traditional method to distinguish a status of self-employed and employed in the platform economy. The level of control or influence that the digital platform exerts over the organization of work and working conditions is considered to be of significant importance for how platform workers are to be classified. By the courts putting greater emphasis on the economic dependence of the worker could lead to an extension of the notion of employee and be of great importance for the classification of platform workers. There have been no court rulings pertaining to the employee status of individuals involved in platform work in Sweden. The significance of various additional assessment factors specific to the platform economy for the overall assessment remains to be seen. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Linnå, Elin LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
If an app is your boss - How the Swedish civil law notion of employee relates to platform work
course
JURM02 20182
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
plattformsarbete, arbetstagarbegreppet, plattformsekonomin, arbetsrätt, labour law
language
Swedish
id
8965066
date added to LUP
2019-01-28 11:28:16
date last changed
2019-01-28 11:28:16
@misc{8965066,
  abstract     = {{Work supplied through digital platforms is a new form of employment that has emerged in the course of digitalization. Platform work is part of a bigger ongoing structural shift, namely the flexibilisation of working life. This structural shift blurs out the distinction between an employee and a self-employed worker. The personal scope of Swedish labor law is defined by use of the notion of employee. This study aims to describe and analyze how the Swedish civil law notion of employee relates to platform work and by doing so find answers to whether the notion of employee could operate in a modern platform economy.

The notion of employee is not statutorily defined. Instead its content has been described and developed by the courts in case law, the legislator in preparatory works and the legal doctrine. In order to determine whether or not a specific person is an employee in Swedish labor law the court makes an overall assessment of the situation, taking all the relevant factors of the individual case into consideration. By using a legal-dogmatic method I conclude that the notion of employee could operate in the platform economy, despite the particular nature of platform work. My conclusion is that it is possible to assess the basic prerequisites in relation to platform work, and that, therefore, they do not cause any difficulties for the assessment of a person’s status. The current method to determine whether or not a specific person is an employee is flexible in that the courts in the overall assessment take a large number of circumstances into consideration that are also weighted differently on a case-by-case basis. One of the advantages of the method is that it consists not only of an assessment of the contract, but also of the actual situation between the contract parties. 

The complexity of classifying platform workers raises the question of how to apply the traditional method to distinguish a status of self-employed and employed in the platform economy. The level of control or influence that the digital platform exerts over the organization of work and working conditions is considered to be of significant importance for how platform workers are to be classified. By the courts putting greater emphasis on the economic dependence of the worker could lead to an extension of the notion of employee and be of great importance for the classification of platform workers. There have been no court rulings pertaining to the employee status of individuals involved in platform work in Sweden. The significance of various additional assessment factors specific to the platform economy for the overall assessment remains to be seen.}},
  author       = {{Linnå, Elin}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{När chefen är en app - Hur det civilrättsliga arbetstagarbegreppet förhåller sig till arbete via digitala plattformar}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}