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Vem - och varför - är den psykiskt sjuka brottslingen? - En genealogisk studie av den svenska hanteringen av psykiskt sjuka lagöverträdare

Lindén, Frida LU (2018) JURM02 20182
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
I den svenska straffrätten döms allvarligt psykiskt störda brottslingar i regel till rättspsykiatrisk vård istället för fängelse. Om brottet anses ha begåtts ”under påverkan av” den allvarliga psykiska störningen så kan domen förenas med beslut om särskild utskrivningsprövning, vilket innebär att förvaltningsrätten beslutar om utskrivning när den bedömer att individen inte längre har ett vårdbehov och inte längre utgör en samhällsfara. Mitt arbete har till syfte att undersöka hur det kommer sig att vi särbehandlar psykiskt sjuka människor inom straffrätten och vilka idéer och föreställningar om psykiskt sjuka brottslingar detta ger uttryck för. Jag intresserar mig även för vilka subjektspositioner som möjliggörs för psykiskt sjuka... (More)
I den svenska straffrätten döms allvarligt psykiskt störda brottslingar i regel till rättspsykiatrisk vård istället för fängelse. Om brottet anses ha begåtts ”under påverkan av” den allvarliga psykiska störningen så kan domen förenas med beslut om särskild utskrivningsprövning, vilket innebär att förvaltningsrätten beslutar om utskrivning när den bedömer att individen inte längre har ett vårdbehov och inte längre utgör en samhällsfara. Mitt arbete har till syfte att undersöka hur det kommer sig att vi särbehandlar psykiskt sjuka människor inom straffrätten och vilka idéer och föreställningar om psykiskt sjuka brottslingar detta ger uttryck för. Jag intresserar mig även för vilka subjektspositioner som möjliggörs för psykiskt sjuka brottslingar genom den statliga diskursen. Undersökningens material utgörs av tre förarbeten som rör hanteringen av psykiskt sjuka lagöverträdare: prop. 1962:10, prop. 1990/91:58 samt SOU 2012:17. Materialet bearbetas med hjälp av en genealogisk metod, vilket innebär att undersöka hur det gällande systemet blivit möjligt. För att tolka och analysera innehållet i förarbetena används framförallt teorier om subjektskap och makt samt säkerhet och risk.

Resultatet av undersökningen visar att psykiskt sjuka människor har omtalats som farliga och oberäkneliga, men även som ömkansvärda och i behov av vård. Genom att framställa de aktuella individerna som farliga framstår det som legitimt att bemöta dem med repression. Genom att tala om ett vårdbehov motiverar man att utsätta personerna för tvångsvård – en sjukdom kan nämligen aldrig vara ett positivt tillstånd, och att korrigera detta tillstånd är därmed alltid något bra. Sedan upplysningstiden har vi i vår kultur lagt stort värde vid rationalitet och vi har en kulturell förståelse av människans utmärkande drag som förnuftet. Att karakterisera psykiskt sjuka människor som oberäkneliga eller irrationella är därför ett sätt att framställa dem som mindre mänskliga, och därmed mindre förtjänta av rättssäkerhet och mänskliga rättigheter.

Särbehandlingen av psykiskt sjuka lagöverträdare i den svenska straffrätten har motiverats av att det skulle finnas ett samhälleligt behov av skydd från dessa personer samt att personen skulle ha behov av psykiatrisk vård. Forskningen visar att psykiskt sjuka personer inte är farligare än andra samhällsgrupper och att fördelarna med tvångsvård är tveksamma. Istället föreslår jag att systemet kan vara motiverat av statens intresse av att hantera en besvärlig samhällsgrupp, samt av att ge sken av att man gör effektiva insatser mot brottslighet. Detta åstadkoms genom att framställa psykiskt sjuka människor som en risk och sedan neutralisera denna risk genom frihetsberövning. ”Brottsprevention” är nämligen inte en term som är reserverad för insatser med en preventiv effekt, snarare visar det vem som har makten att definiera vad som utgör problem och vad som är en rimlig lösning. I vårt samhälle är det juridiken och medicinen som har makt att definiera avvikelse. Läkare tillskrivs en roll som vårdare och hjälpare i vår kultur och tvångsvården blir genom dessa associationer behäftad med positiva konnotationer i det allmänna medvetandet.

Den statliga diskursen kring psykisk sjukdom och brott försätter individerna i en subjektsposition av att utgöra en latent fara. De ses också som ”sjuka” och oförmögna att fatta egna beslut om sin egen vård. Till sist blir de även syndabockar i vårt kollektiva sökande efter en källa till de risker och hot vi upplever i samhället. (Less)
Abstract
In Swedish criminal law, ”severely mentally disturbed” (allvarligt psykiskt störda) criminals are usually sentenced to psychiatric care instead of prison. If the crime is deemed to have been committed “under the influence” of this mental disturbance, the sentence can be combined with a prescription for “special release inquiry” (särskild utskrivningsprövning). This means that an administrative court will make the decision about whether to discharge the patient when it deems the individual to no longer have need of psychiatric care and to no longer be a threat to society. The purpose of my thesis is to examine why mentally ill people are discriminated against within our criminal justice system, and what preconceptions about mentally ill... (More)
In Swedish criminal law, ”severely mentally disturbed” (allvarligt psykiskt störda) criminals are usually sentenced to psychiatric care instead of prison. If the crime is deemed to have been committed “under the influence” of this mental disturbance, the sentence can be combined with a prescription for “special release inquiry” (särskild utskrivningsprövning). This means that an administrative court will make the decision about whether to discharge the patient when it deems the individual to no longer have need of psychiatric care and to no longer be a threat to society. The purpose of my thesis is to examine why mentally ill people are discriminated against within our criminal justice system, and what preconceptions about mentally ill criminals this is based on. I am also interested in what subject positions are made available to mentally ill criminals through the discourse of the state. My study is based on three pieces of preparatory work concerning mentally ill criminals: prop. 1962:10, prop. 1990/91:58 and SOU 2012:17. The material has been analysed using a genealogical method, i.e. examining how our current system has been made possible. To help me interpret and analyse the content of the material, I have used theories on subjecthood and power as well as security and risk.

The results of my study show that mentally ill people are described as dangerous and unpredictable, but also as pitiable and in need of care. By portraying these individuals as dangerous, it will be perceived as legitimate to respond to them with repression. Through speaking of a need for care, it seems motivated to subject these people to compulsory psychiatric treatment. This is because disease, or unhealth, can never be a positive condition, hence correcting this condition is always going to be perceived as a good thing. Since the Age of Enlightenment, our culture has placed great value on rationality, and we have a cultural understanding of reason as humankind’s main characteristic. To portray mentally ill people as unpredictable or irrational is thereby a way of making them seem less human, and therefore less deserving of legal security and human rights.

The negative discrimination of mentally ill offenders in the Swedish criminal justice system has been motivated by a need for society to protect itself from these people, as well as a notion of providing them with medical care of which they are in need. Scientific studies show that mentally ill people are no more dangerous than anybody else and that compulsory psychiatric treatment is of questionable merit. I propose that the system may instead be the result of the state’s interest in managing what they consider to be a difficult social group, as well as giving the impression that they are dealing with crime in an effective way. This is accomplished by portraying mentally ill people as a risk and subsequently neutralising that risk through depriving them of liberty. “Crime prevention” is not a term reserved for measures which actually have a preventive effect, but is rather dependent on who has the power to define the problem and what a reasonable solution to this problem might be. In our society, law and medicine have the power to define deviance. Our society ascribes medical doctors positive attributes as caregivers and through association compulsory psychiatric treatment is imbued with positive connotations in the mind of the public.

The state discourse on mental illness and crime places the individuals in the subject position of posing a latent threat. They are also viewed as “ill” and unfit to make decisions concerning their own medical treatment. Lastly, they are made into scapegoats in our collective search for the risks and threats we perceive in society. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Lindén, Frida LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Who - and why - is the mentally ill criminal? - A genealogical study on the Swedish model of managing mentally ill offenders
course
JURM02 20182
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
straffrätt, criminal law, psykiatri, psychiatry, tvångsvård, compulsory psychiatric care, subjektskap, subjecthood, diskursanalys, discourse analysis
language
Swedish
id
8972868
date added to LUP
2019-04-16 09:55:28
date last changed
2019-04-16 09:55:28
@misc{8972868,
  abstract     = {{In Swedish criminal law, ”severely mentally disturbed” (allvarligt psykiskt störda) criminals are usually sentenced to psychiatric care instead of prison. If the crime is deemed to have been committed “under the influence” of this mental disturbance, the sentence can be combined with a prescription for “special release inquiry” (särskild utskrivningsprövning). This means that an administrative court will make the decision about whether to discharge the patient when it deems the individual to no longer have need of psychiatric care and to no longer be a threat to society. The purpose of my thesis is to examine why mentally ill people are discriminated against within our criminal justice system, and what preconceptions about mentally ill criminals this is based on. I am also interested in what subject positions are made available to mentally ill criminals through the discourse of the state. My study is based on three pieces of preparatory work concerning mentally ill criminals: prop. 1962:10, prop. 1990/91:58 and SOU 2012:17. The material has been analysed using a genealogical method, i.e. examining how our current system has been made possible. To help me interpret and analyse the content of the material, I have used theories on subjecthood and power as well as security and risk. 

The results of my study show that mentally ill people are described as dangerous and unpredictable, but also as pitiable and in need of care. By portraying these individuals as dangerous, it will be perceived as legitimate to respond to them with repression. Through speaking of a need for care, it seems motivated to subject these people to compulsory psychiatric treatment. This is because disease, or unhealth, can never be a positive condition, hence correcting this condition is always going to be perceived as a good thing. Since the Age of Enlightenment, our culture has placed great value on rationality, and we have a cultural understanding of reason as humankind’s main characteristic. To portray mentally ill people as unpredictable or irrational is thereby a way of making them seem less human, and therefore less deserving of legal security and human rights. 

The negative discrimination of mentally ill offenders in the Swedish criminal justice system has been motivated by a need for society to protect itself from these people, as well as a notion of providing them with medical care of which they are in need. Scientific studies show that mentally ill people are no more dangerous than anybody else and that compulsory psychiatric treatment is of questionable merit. I propose that the system may instead be the result of the state’s interest in managing what they consider to be a difficult social group, as well as giving the impression that they are dealing with crime in an effective way. This is accomplished by portraying mentally ill people as a risk and subsequently neutralising that risk through depriving them of liberty. “Crime prevention” is not a term reserved for measures which actually have a preventive effect, but is rather dependent on who has the power to define the problem and what a reasonable solution to this problem might be. In our society, law and medicine have the power to define deviance. Our society ascribes medical doctors positive attributes as caregivers and through association compulsory psychiatric treatment is imbued with positive connotations in the mind of the public. 

The state discourse on mental illness and crime places the individuals in the subject position of posing a latent threat. They are also viewed as “ill” and unfit to make decisions concerning their own medical treatment. Lastly, they are made into scapegoats in our collective search for the risks and threats we perceive in society.}},
  author       = {{Lindén, Frida}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Vem - och varför - är den psykiskt sjuka brottslingen? - En genealogisk studie av den svenska hanteringen av psykiskt sjuka lagöverträdare}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}