Skip to main content

LUP Student Papers

LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Det gröna guldet - En rättslig analys av vadhållningsmarknadens spelutbud

Forssblad, Ask LU (2019) LAGF03 20191
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Vadhållningsutbudet på spelmarknaden är mångfacetterat. Det innefattar bland annat antalet gula kort och hörnor, måldifferensen med vilken ett lag ska vinna och resultatkombinationer som ackumulerar det totala oddset. För den som avser att manipulera en fotbollsmatch finns det således ett stort antal tillvägagångssätt. Oorganiserade aktörer gör överlag mindre insatser på spotbettingmarknaden utan att vadhållningsbolagens automatiserade övervakningssystem markerar spelmönstret som avvikande. Organiserade aktörer manipulerar istället volymstarka marknader med stor lönsamhet, men kan även förmå idrottsliga aktörer att manipulera mindre omfattande vadhållningsmarknader för att därefter genom hot om våld och utpressning tvinga den som utfört... (More)
Vadhållningsutbudet på spelmarknaden är mångfacetterat. Det innefattar bland annat antalet gula kort och hörnor, måldifferensen med vilken ett lag ska vinna och resultatkombinationer som ackumulerar det totala oddset. För den som avser att manipulera en fotbollsmatch finns det således ett stort antal tillvägagångssätt. Oorganiserade aktörer gör överlag mindre insatser på spotbettingmarknaden utan att vadhållningsbolagens automatiserade övervakningssystem markerar spelmönstret som avvikande. Organiserade aktörer manipulerar istället volymstarka marknader med stor lönsamhet, men kan även förmå idrottsliga aktörer att manipulera mindre omfattande vadhållningsmarknader för att därefter genom hot om våld och utpressning tvinga den som utfört den otillbörliga åtgärden att delta i mer omfattande matchfixningsförsök. I syfte att minska förekomsten av matchfixning i svensk fotboll omfattas sedan årsskiftet alla företag som tillhandahåller vadhållning i Sverige eller på annat sätt riktar sin verksamhet mot Sverige av ett licenskrav. Frågor om licens prövas av Spelinspektionen, som enligt den nya Spellagen får meddela om förbud mot eller begränsningar av spel på vissa tävlingar eller skeenden i tävlingar utifrån vad som framstår som lämpligt ur allmän synpunkt. Vid skrivandet av denna essä har Spelinspektionen dock inte utfärdat en enda föreskrift som begränsar spelbolagens utbud, trots att behovet är trängande. Framställningen syftar därför till att utreda vilka vadhållningsobjekt som är olämpliga i Spellagens mening.

Frågan om vad som framstår som lämpligt ur allmän synpunkt omgärdas av starka intressemotsättningar. Fotbollsrörelsen anser att vadhållning på fotboll som avser lägre nivåer än division två och spel på delmoment i en fotbollsmatch utan direkt bäring på matchens slutresultat bör anses vara olämpliga ur allmän synpunkt med motiveringen att vadhållningsformerna är särskilt sårbara för matchfixning, emedan vadhållningsbolagen är av uppfattningen manipulation av fotbollsmatcher inte kan begås genom sådana vadhållningsformer utan att deras övervakningssystem upptäcker det. Spelinspektionen framhåller i sin tur att den primära målsättningen med licenssystemet är att kanalisera den oreglerade vadhållningsbolag till den reglerade, vilket förutsätter att licenserade vadhållningsbolag tillåts tillhandahålla ett brett och attraktivt utbud. Vid en samlad rättslig bedömning framstår det dock som att vadhållning på delmoment till viss del kan förbjudas inom ramen för Spellagen utan att påverka den höga kanaliseringsgraden negativt, men att ytterligare begränsningar oskäligen skulle påverka den reglerade vadhållningsmarknadens konkurrenskraft gentemot dess oreglerade motsvarighet. (Less)
Abstract
As a result of the emergence and growth of the online gambling market, the number of betting markets available have increased vastly over the last years. As a consequence, match fixers frequently exploit the plethora of gambling objects and gambling forms on the gambling market in order to maximise winnings and minimise the risk of discovery. To limit the occurrence of manipulated matches in Swedish football, all betting operators that provides gambling in Sweden, or directs its gambling assortment at the Swedish market, is required to obtain a gambling licence as of 2019. Issues concerning licences are examined by the gambling authority (Spelinspektionen). A licence may however not cover betting on events or occasions that may be... (More)
As a result of the emergence and growth of the online gambling market, the number of betting markets available have increased vastly over the last years. As a consequence, match fixers frequently exploit the plethora of gambling objects and gambling forms on the gambling market in order to maximise winnings and minimise the risk of discovery. To limit the occurrence of manipulated matches in Swedish football, all betting operators that provides gambling in Sweden, or directs its gambling assortment at the Swedish market, is required to obtain a gambling licence as of 2019. Issues concerning licences are examined by the gambling authority (Spelinspektionen). A licence may however not cover betting on events or occasions that may be perceived as inappropriate from the perspective of the public. In order to ensure that no such betting takes place on the regulated gambling market, the gambling authority may in accordance with the Gambling Act (2018:1138) issue betting restrictions and bans on certain competitions or events if deemed necessary from a public point of view. As of the writing of this essay, no such bans or restrictions have been issued, despite the dire need for such regulations. The depiction in this essay therefor aims to research what objects of betting that could be deemed inappropriate in accordance to the aforementioned law.

What is considered to be inappropriate from the perspective of the public is highly disputed. The Swedish FA have argued that betting on specific game facts that are separable from the final outcome of the match such as the number of yellow cards and corner kicks (i.e. spot betting) and betting on matches in domestic lower-tier divisions should be prohibited because of the increased risk and occurrence of manipulation in these betting markets. Betting operators are instead of the impression that the lack of liquidity in these markets makes irregular betting patterns caused by match fixing easy to detect. The Swedish Gambling Authority do not partake in the discussion and instead argues that a regulation of betting operators might impact the competitiveness of licensed operators compared to other unlicensed operators, and thus jeopardize the re-regulated betting markets channelling goal of 90 per cent. This study however shows that betting on the number of yellow and red cards as well as betting on whether a penalty will be taken by a team could, and more importantly should, be regulated within the scope of the Gambling act in order to reduce the occurrence of match fixing in Sweden. It also recognizes that additional restrictions of the regulated markets betting assortment could limit the competitiveness of the regulated market excessively. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Forssblad, Ask LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20191
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
straffrätt, förvaltningsrätt, idrottsjuridik, matchfixning
language
Swedish
id
8976787
date added to LUP
2019-09-16 10:56:13
date last changed
2019-09-16 10:56:13
@misc{8976787,
  abstract     = {{As a result of the emergence and growth of the online gambling market, the number of betting markets available have increased vastly over the last years. As a consequence, match fixers frequently exploit the plethora of gambling objects and gambling forms on the gambling market in order to maximise winnings and minimise the risk of discovery. To limit the occurrence of manipulated matches in Swedish football, all betting operators that provides gambling in Sweden, or directs its gambling assortment at the Swedish market, is required to obtain a gambling licence as of 2019. Issues concerning licences are examined by the gambling authority (Spelinspektionen). A licence may however not cover betting on events or occasions that may be perceived as inappropriate from the perspective of the public. In order to ensure that no such betting takes place on the regulated gambling market, the gambling authority may in accordance with the Gambling Act (2018:1138) issue betting restrictions and bans on certain competitions or events if deemed necessary from a public point of view. As of the writing of this essay, no such bans or restrictions have been issued, despite the dire need for such regulations. The depiction in this essay therefor aims to research what objects of betting that could be deemed inappropriate in accordance to the aforementioned law.

What is considered to be inappropriate from the perspective of the public is highly disputed. The Swedish FA have argued that betting on specific game facts that are separable from the final outcome of the match such as the number of yellow cards and corner kicks (i.e. spot betting) and betting on matches in domestic lower-tier divisions should be prohibited because of the increased risk and occurrence of manipulation in these betting markets. Betting operators are instead of the impression that the lack of liquidity in these markets makes irregular betting patterns caused by match fixing easy to detect. The Swedish Gambling Authority do not partake in the discussion and instead argues that a regulation of betting operators might impact the competitiveness of licensed operators compared to other unlicensed operators, and thus jeopardize the re-regulated betting markets channelling goal of 90 per cent. This study however shows that betting on the number of yellow and red cards as well as betting on whether a penalty will be taken by a team could, and more importantly should, be regulated within the scope of the Gambling act in order to reduce the occurrence of match fixing in Sweden. It also recognizes that additional restrictions of the regulated markets betting assortment could limit the competitiveness of the regulated market excessively.}},
  author       = {{Forssblad, Ask}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Det gröna guldet - En rättslig analys av vadhållningsmarknadens spelutbud}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}