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Hellre fria än fälla - En granskning av beviskravet och alternativhypoteser i brottmål

Asry, Ikram LU (2019) LAGF03 20191
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Uppsatsen behandlar beviskravet i brottmål och alternativa hypoteser i förhållande till åklagarens gärningspåstående. Beviskravet innebär att rättens övertygelse om den tilltalades skuld ska vara ställd bortom rimligt tvivel. Eftersom att lagreglering saknas om beviskravet har detta fastställts i praxis. Komplikationerna med ämnet är huvudsakligen att det inte klargjorts utförligt, i varken doktrin eller praxis, vad som kan benämnas som beviskravets lägre gräns. Uppfattningen i doktrinen om vad beviskravet innebär och dess olika delar granskas i uppsatsen.

Huvudhypoteser och alternativa hypoteser är av väsentlig betydelse i straffprocessen. Båda typerna av hypoteser ställs upp av åklagaren vid förundersökningen i syfte att utreda vad... (More)
Uppsatsen behandlar beviskravet i brottmål och alternativa hypoteser i förhållande till åklagarens gärningspåstående. Beviskravet innebär att rättens övertygelse om den tilltalades skuld ska vara ställd bortom rimligt tvivel. Eftersom att lagreglering saknas om beviskravet har detta fastställts i praxis. Komplikationerna med ämnet är huvudsakligen att det inte klargjorts utförligt, i varken doktrin eller praxis, vad som kan benämnas som beviskravets lägre gräns. Uppfattningen i doktrinen om vad beviskravet innebär och dess olika delar granskas i uppsatsen.

Huvudhypoteser och alternativa hypoteser är av väsentlig betydelse i straffprocessen. Båda typerna av hypoteser ställs upp av åklagaren vid förundersökningen i syfte att utreda vad som faktiskt hänt i det aktuella fallet. Försvararsidan bidrar även till hypotesbildningen och utredningen genom att ställa upp alternativa hypoteser, ägnade att plantera tvivel, som talar för den tilltalades oskuld. Rättens rättskipande arbete består till stor del av utredning genom hypoteser. Det följer av beviskravet att det ska vara ställt ”bortom rimligt tvivel” att samtliga hypoteser ska utredas och antingen godtas eller avvisas för att domstolen ska kunna döma i målet.

I syfte att sammanföra de granskade reglerna till en konkret situation redogörs ett fall som kallas för Lindomefallet då hypotesbildning och materialinsamling inte fungerade och resulterade i att domstolen friade de tilltalade. Problematiken bestod i att de två tilltalade, som kan hänföras till brottsplatsen, skyller på varandra och måste därav frias till följd av otillräcklig bevisning trots att domstolen vet att en av dessa två har begått brottet.

Beviskravet är det som styr hur domstolarna ska döma och om de ska fria eller fälla. Ansvaret att uppfylla beviskravet tillkommer enbart åklagaren som har bevisbördan gällande samtliga delar av gärningsbeskrivningen. Den tilltalade alltid ska betraktas som oskyldig tills dess att åklagaren kan visa att det inte finns något rimligt tvivel till att denne är den skyldige. Detta tillhör en del av den så kallade rättssäkerheten som är till för att skydda medborgare mot övergrepp från staten.

Rättssäkerheten garanterar att ingen får dömas utan stöd i lag och utan full bevisning. Det är rättssäkerheten som ligger bakom det höga beviskravet och till följd av denna princip ska domstolarna hellre ska fria än fälla, även i mål där man tror sig veta vem den skyldige är men inte helt kan visa det. Diskussioner om ett sänkt beviskrav har avfärdats med anledning av att det skulle stå i strid med rättssäkerheten. (Less)
Abstract
The thesis concerns with the evidence requirement in criminal processes and alternative hypotheses in relation to the prosecutor's accusation of crime. The requirement of proof means that the court's conviction of the defendant's debt must be “beyond reasonable doubt”. Due to lack of legislation on the proof requirement, it has instead been established in court practice. The mainly complications with this topic are that it is not clarified in detail, neither in doctrine nor court practice, what can be defined as the lower limit of the proof requirement. The perception of the doctrines of what the requirement for proof means, and its various parts, is examined in the essay.

The main hypotheses and alternative hypotheses are of essential... (More)
The thesis concerns with the evidence requirement in criminal processes and alternative hypotheses in relation to the prosecutor's accusation of crime. The requirement of proof means that the court's conviction of the defendant's debt must be “beyond reasonable doubt”. Due to lack of legislation on the proof requirement, it has instead been established in court practice. The mainly complications with this topic are that it is not clarified in detail, neither in doctrine nor court practice, what can be defined as the lower limit of the proof requirement. The perception of the doctrines of what the requirement for proof means, and its various parts, is examined in the essay.

The main hypotheses and alternative hypotheses are of essential importance in the criminal process. Both types of hypotheses are set by the prosecutor during the preliminary investigation in order to investigate what actually happened in the present case. The defense side of the trial actors also contributes to the hypothesis formation and its investigation by setting up alternative hypotheses, intended to plant doubts, which speak for the accused's innocence. The court's judicial work consists largely of investigation through hypotheses. It follows from the requirement of proof that it must be stated "beyond reasonable doubt" that all hypotheses must be investigated and either accepted or rejected in order for the court to be able to judge the case.

In order to bring together the reviewed rules into a concrete situation, a case called the Lindome case is described when hypothesis formation and collection of evidence did not work and resulted in the court freeing the defendants. The problem was that the two defendants, who can be attributed to the crime scene, blamed each other and must therefore be released as a result of insufficient evidence, even though the court knows that one of these two has committed the crime.

The requirement of proof governs how the courts should judge and whether they should free or hold the person responsible. The responsibility to fulfill the requirement of proof is solely for the prosecutor who has the burden of proof regarding all parts of the description of the criminal act. The defendant should always be considered innocent until the prosecutor can show that there is no reasonable doubt that this is the culprit. This belongs to the so-called legal certainty that is intended to protect citizens against abuse by the state.

Legal certainty ensures that no one can be sentenced without support in law and without full evidence. It is the legal certainty that lies behind the high evidence requirement and, as a result of this principle, the courts should rather free than make a conviction, even in cases where one believes they know who the culprit is but cannot fully demonstrate it. Discussions on a reduced proof requirement have been dismissed on the grounds that it would conflict with legal certainty. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Asry, Ikram LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20191
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
Straffrätt, Criminallaw
language
Swedish
id
8977000
date added to LUP
2019-09-16 10:34:55
date last changed
2019-09-16 10:34:55
@misc{8977000,
  abstract     = {{The thesis concerns with the evidence requirement in criminal processes and alternative hypotheses in relation to the prosecutor's accusation of crime. The requirement of proof means that the court's conviction of the defendant's debt must be “beyond reasonable doubt”. Due to lack of legislation on the proof requirement, it has instead been established in court practice. The mainly complications with this topic are that it is not clarified in detail, neither in doctrine nor court practice, what can be defined as the lower limit of the proof requirement. The perception of the doctrines of what the requirement for proof means, and its various parts, is examined in the essay.

The main hypotheses and alternative hypotheses are of essential importance in the criminal process. Both types of hypotheses are set by the prosecutor during the preliminary investigation in order to investigate what actually happened in the present case. The defense side of the trial actors also contributes to the hypothesis formation and its investigation by setting up alternative hypotheses, intended to plant doubts, which speak for the accused's innocence. The court's judicial work consists largely of investigation through hypotheses. It follows from the requirement of proof that it must be stated "beyond reasonable doubt" that all hypotheses must be investigated and either accepted or rejected in order for the court to be able to judge the case. 

In order to bring together the reviewed rules into a concrete situation, a case called the Lindome case is described when hypothesis formation and collection of evidence did not work and resulted in the court freeing the defendants. The problem was that the two defendants, who can be attributed to the crime scene, blamed each other and must therefore be released as a result of insufficient evidence, even though the court knows that one of these two has committed the crime.

The requirement of proof governs how the courts should judge and whether they should free or hold the person responsible. The responsibility to fulfill the requirement of proof is solely for the prosecutor who has the burden of proof regarding all parts of the description of the criminal act. The defendant should always be considered innocent until the prosecutor can show that there is no reasonable doubt that this is the culprit. This belongs to the so-called legal certainty that is intended to protect citizens against abuse by the state. 

Legal certainty ensures that no one can be sentenced without support in law and without full evidence. It is the legal certainty that lies behind the high evidence requirement and, as a result of this principle, the courts should rather free than make a conviction, even in cases where one believes they know who the culprit is but cannot fully demonstrate it. Discussions on a reduced proof requirement have been dismissed on the grounds that it would conflict with legal certainty.}},
  author       = {{Asry, Ikram}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Hellre fria än fälla - En granskning av beviskravet och alternativhypoteser i brottmål}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}