Arbetet bortom arbetsrätten - Skyddet mot arbetskraftsexploatering i Brottsbalkens 4 kapitel 1 b §
(2019) JURM02 20191Department of Law
Faculty of Law
- Abstract (Swedish)
- Uppsatsen undersöker innehållet i en, vid tiden för författandet, oprövad straffrättslig regel som kriminaliserar människoexploatering. Kriminaliseringen innebär delvis ett förbud motatt utnyttja någons beroendställning eller svåra situation för att exploatera personen i arbete under uppenbart orimliga villkor. Innebörden av dessa rekvisit undersöks i uppsatsen. I uppsatsen efterforskar författaren svaret på tre frågor. “Vilken utsatthet krävs för att kvalificera som offer för människoexploatering?”, “vad är arbete under uppenbart orimliga villkor” samt “Hur förhåller sig människoexploatering för arbete under uppenbart orimliga till de den internationella rättens definitioner av förbjudna former av slaveri och tvångsarbete samt... (More)
- Uppsatsen undersöker innehållet i en, vid tiden för författandet, oprövad straffrättslig regel som kriminaliserar människoexploatering. Kriminaliseringen innebär delvis ett förbud motatt utnyttja någons beroendställning eller svåra situation för att exploatera personen i arbete under uppenbart orimliga villkor. Innebörden av dessa rekvisit undersöks i uppsatsen. I uppsatsen efterforskar författaren svaret på tre frågor. “Vilken utsatthet krävs för att kvalificera som offer för människoexploatering?”, “vad är arbete under uppenbart orimliga villkor” samt “Hur förhåller sig människoexploatering för arbete under uppenbart orimliga till de den internationella rättens definitioner av förbjudna former av slaveri och tvångsarbete samt arbetskraftsexploatering?” Människoexploatering kräver inte att offret är lika begränsat som vid människohandel och det krävs inte att offrets frihet har blivit lika begränsad. Däremot måste själva exploateringen ha inträffat.
För brottet människoexploatering krävs att förövaren begagnar ett otillbörligt medel. Detta innebär att offret inte kan samycka till utnyttjandet. Otillbörliga medel kan vara att utnyttja att en person befinner sig i olika typer av svåra situationer. Dessa kan vara av ekonomisk, social eller subjektiv art. Enligt en tidigare lydelse av brottet människohandel förelåg en uppfattning att utöver att ett otillbörligt medel använts så skulle även ett ytterligare krav på kontroll över offret vara uppfyllt. Frågan om hur det kravet ska förstås sedan lagstiftaren försökt avskaffa det för att göra kriminaliseringen av människohandel mer tillgängligt.
Vad som är arbete under uppenbart orimliga villkor bestäms i förhållande till den nationella arbetsrätten. Den är dock mycket rik på regler och till stor del beroende av innehållet i kollektivavtal. Därmed kan bestämmelsen bli oförutsebar. EU-rätten kan eventuellt ge viss vägledning i frågan.
Enligt internationella rätt är slaveri, träldom, skuldslaveri och tvångsarbete förbjudna. Arbetskraftsexploatering är ett begrepp som diskuteras i samma kontext, men saknar en egen folkrättslig definition. Människohandelsbrottet har utvidgats med anledning av att sådana former av missbruk har blivit mer påtagliga även i Sverige. Detta är också anledningen till att människoexploatering kriminaliserats i Sverige. Bestämmelsen kommer att kunna träffa fall av samtliga former av missbruk, men i fråga om arbetskraftsexploatering så är den möjligtvis snäv på ett sätt som i framtiden kan leda till tillämpningsproblem. (Less) - Abstract
- This thesis examines the content in a, at the time of writing, ciriminal law provision that outlaws human exploitation that has not yet been used. This criminalization implies a prohibition against exploitation in work under obviously unreasonable conditions by means of using that person’s dependant situation or hardship. The meaning of these requisites is examined in the thesis. The thesis attempts to answer the following three questions. “What degree of exposure is required for someone to qualify as a victim of human exploitation?”, “What is work under obviously unreasonable conditions?” and “How does the provision relate to the prohibited forms of slavery, servitude and forced labour in international law?”
Human exploitation does not... (More) - This thesis examines the content in a, at the time of writing, ciriminal law provision that outlaws human exploitation that has not yet been used. This criminalization implies a prohibition against exploitation in work under obviously unreasonable conditions by means of using that person’s dependant situation or hardship. The meaning of these requisites is examined in the thesis. The thesis attempts to answer the following three questions. “What degree of exposure is required for someone to qualify as a victim of human exploitation?”, “What is work under obviously unreasonable conditions?” and “How does the provision relate to the prohibited forms of slavery, servitude and forced labour in international law?”
Human exploitation does not require the same degree of deprivation of freedom as does the criminal provision on human trafficking, nor any of the trade measures that are a requisite for human trafficking. It is however required that there has been an actual exploitation. For the crime of human exploitation it is required that the perpetrator takes use of undue means. This means that the victim cannot consent to the the abuse. Undue means can manifest by taking advantage of the fact that someone is in a difficult situation. These means can be of economic or social character or based on a belief held by the victim. According to an earlier wording of the human trafficking provision an interpretation was at hand that meant that in addition tho the use of undue means the perpetrator had to gain control over the victim. The question on how that prerequisite is to be interpreted is still unclear, even if the legislator has tried to discard it in order to make the human trafficking provision wider in scope. The answer to the question regarding what is to be considered “work under obviously unreasonable conditions” is decided in relation to national labour law. The Swedish labour law is however comprehensive and how it materializes depends to a great extent on collective agreements. Consequently the meaning of such work could prove unpredictable. It is possible that EU law could give some guidance.
Slavery, servitude, debt slavery and forced labour are prohibited in international law. Labour exploitation is a concept that is discussed within the same context, but is not defined seperately within the context of international law. The definition of human trafficking has been extended because that sort of abuse has become more present in Sweden. This could only be done to a certain extent. The presence of exploitation that can’t be included within the scope of human trafficing is the reason why “human exploitation” has ben outlawed in Sweden as a separate criminal provision. The provision will probably encompass incidents of all the mentioned forms of abuse, but with regard to labour exploitation, the thesis finds it is likely to believe that it is narrow in scope in a way that might render the provision less useful than intended. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/8977529
- author
- Schlyter, Mathilda LU
- supervisor
- organization
- alternative title
- Work beyond labour law - the protection against labour exploitation in 4 chapter 1 b § in the Swedish criminal code
- course
- JURM02 20191
- year
- 2019
- type
- H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
- subject
- keywords
- Arbetsrätt, Straffrätt, Human Rights Law, Labour Exploitation
- language
- Swedish
- id
- 8977529
- date added to LUP
- 2019-06-17 14:49:54
- date last changed
- 2019-06-17 14:49:54
@misc{8977529,
abstract = {{This thesis examines the content in a, at the time of writing, ciriminal law provision that outlaws human exploitation that has not yet been used. This criminalization implies a prohibition against exploitation in work under obviously unreasonable conditions by means of using that person’s dependant situation or hardship. The meaning of these requisites is examined in the thesis. The thesis attempts to answer the following three questions. “What degree of exposure is required for someone to qualify as a victim of human exploitation?”, “What is work under obviously unreasonable conditions?” and “How does the provision relate to the prohibited forms of slavery, servitude and forced labour in international law?”
Human exploitation does not require the same degree of deprivation of freedom as does the criminal provision on human trafficking, nor any of the trade measures that are a requisite for human trafficking. It is however required that there has been an actual exploitation. For the crime of human exploitation it is required that the perpetrator takes use of undue means. This means that the victim cannot consent to the the abuse. Undue means can manifest by taking advantage of the fact that someone is in a difficult situation. These means can be of economic or social character or based on a belief held by the victim. According to an earlier wording of the human trafficking provision an interpretation was at hand that meant that in addition tho the use of undue means the perpetrator had to gain control over the victim. The question on how that prerequisite is to be interpreted is still unclear, even if the legislator has tried to discard it in order to make the human trafficking provision wider in scope.
The answer to the question regarding what is to be considered “work under obviously unreasonable conditions” is decided in relation to national labour law. The Swedish labour law is however comprehensive and how it materializes depends to a great extent on collective agreements. Consequently the meaning of such work could prove unpredictable. It is possible that EU law could give some guidance.
Slavery, servitude, debt slavery and forced labour are prohibited in international law. Labour exploitation is a concept that is discussed within the same context, but is not defined seperately within the context of international law. The definition of human trafficking has been extended because that sort of abuse has become more present in Sweden. This could only be done to a certain extent. The presence of exploitation that can’t be included within the scope of human trafficing is the reason why “human exploitation” has ben outlawed in Sweden as a separate criminal provision. The provision will probably encompass incidents of all the mentioned forms of abuse, but with regard to labour exploitation, the thesis finds it is likely to believe that it is narrow in scope in a way that might render the provision less useful than intended.}},
author = {{Schlyter, Mathilda}},
language = {{swe}},
note = {{Student Paper}},
title = {{Arbetet bortom arbetsrätten - Skyddet mot arbetskraftsexploatering i Brottsbalkens 4 kapitel 1 b §}},
year = {{2019}},
}