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Verksamhetsövergång vid personal- och materialintensiv verksamhet

Harnisch, Silja LU (2019) JURM02 20191
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
Section 6 b of the Employment Protection Act (Lagen (1982:80) om anställningsskydd (LAS)) states, that when a transfer of an undertaking, business, or part thereof occurs then the employee may choose to transfer to the new owner. If the employee chooses to do so, they as well as their employment contract, and employment relationships automatically transfers to the transferee of the business.

In order for section 6 b LAS to be applicable, the crucial requirement that has to be fulfilled is that the transfer must concern an economic entity that retains its identity. In some case law and doctrine the concept “economic entity” and “retained identity” are assessed separately. Usually though, the requirement is assessed in its entirety.... (More)
Section 6 b of the Employment Protection Act (Lagen (1982:80) om anställningsskydd (LAS)) states, that when a transfer of an undertaking, business, or part thereof occurs then the employee may choose to transfer to the new owner. If the employee chooses to do so, they as well as their employment contract, and employment relationships automatically transfers to the transferee of the business.

In order for section 6 b LAS to be applicable, the crucial requirement that has to be fulfilled is that the transfer must concern an economic entity that retains its identity. In some case law and doctrine the concept “economic entity” and “retained identity” are assessed separately. Usually though, the requirement is assessed in its entirety. Whether section 6 b LAS is applicable is determined by an overall assessment of various criteria. Inter alia, it is considered of particular importance, whether transactions have occurred of tangible and intangible assets, and/or of the majority of employees. The assessment is made difficult by various uncertainties in the law itself and case law. Those uncertainties are problematic from a legal security perspective, because they impair the predictability of the application of 6 b LAS. According to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), the type of the business influences the weighting of the assessment conditions. To which extent, however, remains unclear as CJEU and the Labor Court (Arbetsdomstol (AD)) only give partial guidance to the weighting of conditions depending on the type of business, spread over multiple cases. In addition, the lack of more detailed definitions of the types of businesses, and lack of general guidance on how to assign a business to a type, further complicates the assessment. These uncertainties, by extension, complicate the assessment of when section 6 b LAS is applicable. This work aims to create more clarity about these uncertainties.

In its case law, CJEU differentiates between activities that are essentially based on manpower and those that are essentially based on tangible assets. In this work those are called manpower intense businesses and tangible asset intense businesses. Case law indicates that it does not require much for equipment to be found of such importance to the business in question, that the business is classified as a tangible asset intense business. Only those businesses that are essentially based on manpower and do not require more than minimal tangible assets seem to be classified as manpower intense businesses.

The crucial difference concerning the weighting of criteria with respect to the business type, seems to be that the factor which the business is mainly based upon is given a crucial weight. Consequently, in order for section 6 b LAS to be applicable for manpower intense businesses, the majority of the labor force has to be transferred, whereas for tangible asset intense businesses assets necessary for the continuation of the undertaking have to be transferred. Though, the crucial criterion is not given sufficient weight, that it singularly could lead to section 6 b LAS being applicable. Instead, an overall assessment must be performed.

Furthermore, it is uncertain whether the crucial weight is absolute. Whilst the CJEU in an earlier case pointed out that the protection of employees cannot be dependent on the fulfillment of a single criterion, the Court in later case law, when considering whether a transfer of business had occurred, gave crucial weight to the fulfillment of the criterion that the business is mainly based on. Regardless of whether the crucial weight is absolute or whether there may be occasional exceptions, recent case law has made it clear that the criterion that the business is mainly based on is given crucial weight, if not always then at least as a main rule. This development favors the predictability of the application of section 6 b LAS, and thereby strengthens the legal security. Though, this comes at the expense of the protection of employees in the case of a change of employer, since it simplifies the avoidance of the application of 6 b LAS for the transferee by way of purposefully not satisfying the crucial criterion. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
I 6 b § lagen (1982:80) om anställningsskydd (LAS) stadgas arbetstagarnas rättighet att vid överlåtelse av verksamhet, företag eller en del verksamhet, tillsammans med rörelsen gå över till den nya ägaren. De anställda i den övertagna verksamheten samt rättigheter och skyldigheter enligt deras anställningsavtal och anställningsförhållanden följer automatiskt med till förvärvaren så länge de anställda inte väljer att stanna kvar hos överlåtaren.

För att 6 b § LAS ska bli tillämplig måste det avgörande kravet att övergången avser en ekonomisk enhet med bevarad identitet vara uppfyllt. I ett antal rättsfall och i viss doktrin har begreppen ”ekonomisk enhet” och ”bevarad identitet” bedömts separat. Kravet brukar dock i regel bedömas i sin... (More)
I 6 b § lagen (1982:80) om anställningsskydd (LAS) stadgas arbetstagarnas rättighet att vid överlåtelse av verksamhet, företag eller en del verksamhet, tillsammans med rörelsen gå över till den nya ägaren. De anställda i den övertagna verksamheten samt rättigheter och skyldigheter enligt deras anställningsavtal och anställningsförhållanden följer automatiskt med till förvärvaren så länge de anställda inte väljer att stanna kvar hos överlåtaren.

För att 6 b § LAS ska bli tillämplig måste det avgörande kravet att övergången avser en ekonomisk enhet med bevarad identitet vara uppfyllt. I ett antal rättsfall och i viss doktrin har begreppen ”ekonomisk enhet” och ”bevarad identitet” bedömts separat. Kravet brukar dock i regel bedömas i sin helhet. För att fastställa om en verksamhetsövergång har skett görs en helhetsbedömning med beaktande av olika bedömningsgrunder där bland annat frågorna huruvida materiella och immateriella tillgångar gått över samt om majoriteten av anställda har följt med är av särskild betydelse. Bedömningen försvåras dock genom en rad otydligheter i lag och rättspraxis. Dessa osäkerhetsmoment är problematiska ur ett rättssäkerhetsperspektiv, då de försvårar förutsebarheten av när 6 b § LAS ska bli tillämplig. Enligt Europeiska unionens domstol (EUD) ska bedömningsgrunderna ges olika vikt beroende på vilken typ av verksamhet som övergången avser. Ett osäkerhetsmoment uppstår i samband därmed genom avsaknaden av tydligare definitioner av dessa verksamhetstyper och mer generell vägledning av vilka verksamheter som ska kategoriseras under vilken typ. Vidare har EUD och Arbetsdomstolen (AD) endast i begränsat omfång, fördelat över flera rättsfall, tagit ställning till på vilket sätt de olika bedömningskriterierna ska viktas beroende på verksamhetstypen. Dessa osäkerhetsmoment försvårar i förlängningen att avgöra när 6 b § LAS blir tillämplig. Detta arbete syftar till att skapa mer klarhet kring dessa osäkerhetsmoment.

EUD har tills nu i sina domar endast skiljt mellan verksamheter som huvudsakligen grundar sig på arbetskraft och verksamheter som huvudsakligen grundar sig på materiella tillgångar. I detta arbete benämns dessa verksamheter som personal- respektive materialintensiva. Rättspraxis tyder på att det inte krävas mycket för att utrustning som används för verksamhetens drift ska anses vara av sådan vikt att verksamheten klassas som materialintensiv verksamhet. Endast de verksamheter som huvudsakligen bygger på arbetskraft och inte kräver mer än minimala materiella tillgångar verkar klassificeras som personalintensiva verksamheter.

Den avgörande skillnaden i viktningen av bedömningsgrunderna verkar vara att den aspekt som verksamheten huvudsakligen bygger på ges avgörande vikt. Övertagandet av de för verksamhetens drift nödvändiga materiella tillgångar vid materialintensiv verksamhet respektive omständigheten att majoriteten av anställda följer med vid personalintensiv verksamhet måste följaktligen ha skett för att 6 b § LAS ska bli tillämplig. Dessa bedömningsgrunder ges dock inte tillräcklig vikt att de i sig kan leda till att 6 b § LAS blir tillämplig utan det måste alltid göras en helhetsbedömning.

Vidare är det osäkert om den avgörande vikten är absolut. Medan EUD i ett tidigare mål har påpekat att arbetstagarnas skydd inte ska göras beroende av uppfyllnad av ett enskilt kriterium, har domstolen i senare rättspraxis lagt avgörande vikt vid att kriteriet som verksamheten huvudsakligen bygger på är uppfyllt för att en verksamhetsövergång ska anses föreligga. Oavsett om den avgörande vikten är absolut eller om det kan finnas enstaka undantagsfall, har det dock genom den senare rättspraxis blivit tydligt att bedömningsgrunden som verksamheten huvudsakligen bygger på ges avgörande vikt, om inte alltid då åtminstone som huvudregel. Denna utveckling gynnar förutsebarheten gällande 6 b § LAS och därmed rättssäkerheten. Detta sker dock på bekostnad av arbetstagarnas skydd vid arbetsgivarbyte eftersom den underlättar för förvärvaren att aktivt undvika sin bundenhet av 6 b § LAS genom att inte uppfylla det avgörande kriteriet. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Harnisch, Silja LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Transfer of undertakings concerning manpower intense businesses and tangible asset intense businesses
course
JURM02 20191
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
arbetsrätt, labour law, EU-rätt, EU law, förmögenhetsrätt, 6 b § LAS, verksamhetsövergång, personalintensiv verksamhet, materialintensiv verksamhet
language
Swedish
id
8978470
date added to LUP
2019-06-19 17:13:36
date last changed
2019-06-19 17:13:36
@misc{8978470,
  abstract     = {{Section 6 b of the Employment Protection Act (Lagen (1982:80) om anställningsskydd (LAS)) states, that when a transfer of an undertaking, business, or part thereof occurs then the employee may choose to transfer to the new owner. If the employee chooses to do so, they as well as their employment contract, and employment relationships automatically transfers to the transferee of the business. 
 
In order for section 6 b LAS to be applicable, the crucial requirement that has to be fulfilled is that the transfer must concern an economic entity that retains its identity. In some case law and doctrine the concept “economic entity” and “retained identity” are assessed separately. Usually though, the requirement is assessed in its entirety. Whether section 6 b LAS is applicable is determined by an overall assessment of various criteria. Inter alia, it is considered of particular importance, whether transactions have occurred of tangible and intangible assets, and/or of the majority of employees. The assessment is made difficult by various uncertainties in the law itself and case law. Those uncertainties are problematic from a legal security perspective, because they impair the predictability of the application of 6 b LAS. According to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), the type of the business influences the weighting of the assessment conditions. To which extent, however, remains unclear as CJEU and the Labor Court (Arbetsdomstol (AD)) only give partial guidance to the weighting of conditions depending on the type of business, spread over multiple cases. In addition, the lack of more detailed definitions of the types of businesses, and lack of general guidance on how to assign a business to a type, further complicates the assessment. These uncertainties, by extension, complicate the assessment of when section 6 b LAS is applicable. This work aims to create more clarity about these uncertainties.
 
In its case law, CJEU differentiates between activities that are essentially based on manpower and those that are essentially based on tangible assets. In this work those are called manpower intense businesses and tangible asset intense businesses. Case law indicates that it does not require much for equipment to be found of such importance to the business in question, that the business is classified as a tangible asset intense business. Only those businesses that are essentially based on manpower and do not require more than minimal tangible assets seem to be classified as manpower intense businesses. 
 
The crucial difference concerning the weighting of criteria with respect to the business type, seems to be that the factor which the business is mainly based upon is given a crucial weight. Consequently, in order for section 6 b LAS to be applicable for manpower intense businesses, the majority of the labor force has to be transferred, whereas for tangible asset intense businesses assets necessary for the continuation of the undertaking have to be transferred. Though, the crucial criterion is not given sufficient weight, that it singularly could lead to section 6 b LAS being applicable. Instead, an overall assessment must be performed. 
 
Furthermore, it is uncertain whether the crucial weight is absolute. Whilst the CJEU in an earlier case pointed out that the protection of employees cannot be dependent on the fulfillment of a single criterion, the Court in later case law, when considering whether a transfer of business had occurred, gave crucial weight to the fulfillment of the criterion that the business is mainly based on. Regardless of whether the crucial weight is absolute or whether there may be occasional exceptions, recent case law has made it clear that the criterion that the business is mainly based on is given crucial weight, if not always then at least as a main rule. This development favors the predictability of the application of section 6 b LAS, and thereby strengthens the legal security. Though, this comes at the expense of the protection of employees in the case of a change of employer, since it simplifies the avoidance of the application of 6 b LAS for the transferee by way of purposefully not satisfying the crucial criterion.}},
  author       = {{Harnisch, Silja}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Verksamhetsövergång vid personal- och materialintensiv verksamhet}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}