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Förbudet mot köp av sexuell tjänst - en kritisk analys

Ekvall, Lydia LU (2019) LAGF03 20192
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Prostitutionen och lagstiftningen kring den har varit och är ett ämne för ständig debatt. När Sverige 1999 införde en kriminalisering som endast riktade sig mot köparen var en sådan lösning den första av sitt slag i världen.
Kriminaliseringen hade föregåtts av en lång debatt och återkommande var frågan vilken effekt en kriminalisering skulle ha i praktiken. Farhågor för en försämrad situation för de som befann sig i prostitutionen var tydliga, men samtidigt ansågs finnas en nödvändighet i att sända ett normativt budskap, samt ta ställning mot en normalisering av prostitutionen. Således behövde en avvägning göras där potentiella risker för de som hade sex mot ersättning stod mot vikten av att sända ett normativt budskap. Syftet med... (More)
Prostitutionen och lagstiftningen kring den har varit och är ett ämne för ständig debatt. När Sverige 1999 införde en kriminalisering som endast riktade sig mot köparen var en sådan lösning den första av sitt slag i världen.
Kriminaliseringen hade föregåtts av en lång debatt och återkommande var frågan vilken effekt en kriminalisering skulle ha i praktiken. Farhågor för en försämrad situation för de som befann sig i prostitutionen var tydliga, men samtidigt ansågs finnas en nödvändighet i att sända ett normativt budskap, samt ta ställning mot en normalisering av prostitutionen. Således behövde en avvägning göras där potentiella risker för de som hade sex mot ersättning stod mot vikten av att sända ett normativt budskap. Syftet med lagstiftningen konstaterades vara att bekämpa prostitutionen, med avsikt att bekämpa den utsatthet som ansågs följa för de som befann sig i prostitutionen. Detta skulle göras genom att sätta efterfrågan ur spel, och genom att bara kriminalisera köparens handlingar sågs förbudet som ett sätt att både angripa efterfrågan och samtidigt ta hänsyn till en redan utsatt grupp, sexarbetarna.

Sedan förbudet trätt i kraft kan finnas skilda åsikter angående dess framgång i praktiken. Medan det tycks råda viss enighet i att förbudet de facto haft effekt, är det disputerat vilken denna effekt är och huruvida den är positiv. Genom en statlig offentlig utredning utvärderades år 2010 förbudets verkningar i praktiken, och här fastställdes bland annat att en minskning av efterfrågan skett, att gatuprostitutionen minskat, samt att förbudet haft en betydande normativ effekt. Förbudet mot köp av sexuell tjänst konstaterades således ha varit ett framgångsrikt sätt att bemöta prostitutionen och dess problem.

Uppfattningen att förbudet mot köp av sexuell tjänst varit framgångsrikt delas dock inte av alla. Forskare menar att strategin att angripa efterfrågan har skapat problem för de som har sex mot ersättning, genom ökad konkurrens. Den ökade konkurrensen har i sin tur försämrat förhandlingsmöjligheterna för de som har sex mot ersättning, vad gäller villkoren för transaktionen. Samtidigt påstås även att det inte finns några faktiska underlag för en minskning av prostitutionen i sin helhet, att kriminaliseringen drivit prostitutionen under jord, samt att förbudet inneburit en ökad våldsutsatthet och stigmatisering för de som har sex mot ersättning. Följaktligen bör man ställa sig frågan tills vems fördel förbudet ansågs vara vid lagstiftningen, och tills vem fördel det är i praktiken. I diskussionerna som föregick ikraftträdandet av lagen är det tydligt att de farhågor man haft är problem som drabbar de som har sex mot ersättning. Således kan konstateras intresset av att sända ett normativt budskap och bekämpa prostitutionen har prioriterats framför potentiella negativa effekter för den enskilde sexarbetaren. Huruvida lagstiftningen har varit framgångsrik i förhållande till avsikten att både sända ett normativt budskap och samtidigt försöka skydda de som uttryckligen beskrivs som särskilt utsatta är därav tveksamt. (Less)
Abstract
Prostitution and the legislation of it is a subject for constant debate. When Sweden in the year of 1999 introduced a criminalization that only targeted the buyer, it was the first country in the world to do so. The criminalization had been preceded by a long debate, where the question of possible effects of the law in practice constantly was present. Evident were the concerns of a possible impaired situation for the sex workers, however it was also deemed necessary to send a normative message and prevent a normalization of prostitution. Thus, the potential risks for sex workers had to be weighed against the necessity of sending a normative message. The purpose of the legislation was established as to be fighting prostitution, with the... (More)
Prostitution and the legislation of it is a subject for constant debate. When Sweden in the year of 1999 introduced a criminalization that only targeted the buyer, it was the first country in the world to do so. The criminalization had been preceded by a long debate, where the question of possible effects of the law in practice constantly was present. Evident were the concerns of a possible impaired situation for the sex workers, however it was also deemed necessary to send a normative message and prevent a normalization of prostitution. Thus, the potential risks for sex workers had to be weighed against the necessity of sending a normative message. The purpose of the legislation was established as to be fighting prostitution, with the intent of fighting the vulnerability that was considered to follow for sex workers. This was intended to be done by targeting the demand. Only criminalizing the buyer’s actions was perceived as a way to target demand, but also refrain from punishing an already vulnerable group, the sex workers.

Since the law has come into force, there are diverse views of its success. While there seems to be an agreement on the fact that the law has had an effect, it is disputed what that effect is and whether or not it is a positive effect. The effect of the legislation was in the year of 2010 evaluated through a public inquiry of the state, in which was concluded that there had been a decrease in both demand and prostitution in the streets, and the legislation was also considered having had a significant normative effect. Thus, the legislation was considered a successful response to prostitution and the problems of it.

However, the perception of the law as successful is not shared by all. Researchers claim that the strategy of targeting the demand has impaired the situation for sex workers, since the decrease in demand has increased the competition of the market. An increased competition has harmed sex workers opportunity of negotiating the terms of the transaction. Researchers also claim that there is no actual evidence for a decrease in prostitution overall, that the criminalization has made prostitution go underground, and that it has increased the risk of being subjected to violence for sex workers. Consequently, one could ask themselves to who’s advantage the criminalization was considered to be when it was coming into force and to who’s advantage it is in practice. In the discussions leading up to the legislation coming into force, it was clear that the concerns that was voiced were problems affecting sex workers. Thus, the interest of sending a normative message and fight prostitution has been prioritized before potential negative effects of the law for sex workers. Whether the criminalization have been successful in both sending a normative message and also protect the sex workers, whom explicitly have been described as particularly vulnerable, is therefore unlikely. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Ekvall, Lydia LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20192
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
Sexköp, Förbudet mot köp av sexuell tjänst, Prostitution
language
Swedish
id
9000153
date added to LUP
2020-04-11 16:12:19
date last changed
2020-04-11 16:12:19
@misc{9000153,
  abstract     = {{Prostitution and the legislation of it is a subject for constant debate. When Sweden in the year of 1999 introduced a criminalization that only targeted the buyer, it was the first country in the world to do so. The criminalization had been preceded by a long debate, where the question of possible effects of the law in practice constantly was present. Evident were the concerns of a possible impaired situation for the sex workers, however it was also deemed necessary to send a normative message and prevent a normalization of prostitution. Thus, the potential risks for sex workers had to be weighed against the necessity of sending a normative message. The purpose of the legislation was established as to be fighting prostitution, with the intent of fighting the vulnerability that was considered to follow for sex workers. This was intended to be done by targeting the demand. Only criminalizing the buyer’s actions was perceived as a way to target demand, but also refrain from punishing an already vulnerable group, the sex workers.

Since the law has come into force, there are diverse views of its success. While there seems to be an agreement on the fact that the law has had an effect, it is disputed what that effect is and whether or not it is a positive effect. The effect of the legislation was in the year of 2010 evaluated through a public inquiry of the state, in which was concluded that there had been a decrease in both demand and prostitution in the streets, and the legislation was also considered having had a significant normative effect. Thus, the legislation was considered a successful response to prostitution and the problems of it. 

However, the perception of the law as successful is not shared by all. Researchers claim that the strategy of targeting the demand has impaired the situation for sex workers, since the decrease in demand has increased the competition of the market. An increased competition has harmed sex workers opportunity of negotiating the terms of the transaction. Researchers also claim that there is no actual evidence for a decrease in prostitution overall, that the criminalization has made prostitution go underground, and that it has increased the risk of being subjected to violence for sex workers. Consequently, one could ask themselves to who’s advantage the criminalization was considered to be when it was coming into force and to who’s advantage it is in practice. In the discussions leading up to the legislation coming into force, it was clear that the concerns that was voiced were problems affecting sex workers. Thus, the interest of sending a normative message and fight prostitution has been prioritized before potential negative effects of the law for sex workers. Whether the criminalization have been successful in both sending a normative message and also protect the sex workers, whom explicitly have been described as particularly vulnerable, is therefore unlikely.}},
  author       = {{Ekvall, Lydia}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Förbudet mot köp av sexuell tjänst - en kritisk analys}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}