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Om borgenärsskydd till kryptovaluta

Andersson, Ludvig LU (2019) JURM02 20192
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Digitalisering och ny teknik möjliggör helt nya sätt för representation av ekonomiska värden. Utanför den traditionella egendomssfären kan idag stora tillgångar hittas. Det kanske vanligaste exemplet på sådana tillgångar är kryptovalutor.

Likt alla andra ekonomiska värden, kan en konflikt över vem som har bäst rätt till kryptovalutan uppkomma – den kan bli föremål för en sakrättslig frågeställning. Den här uppsatsen undersöker vad kryptovaluta egentligen är, faktiskt och förmögenhetsrättsligt. Mot bakgrund av detta utreds vissa sakrättsliga konflikter; hur borgenärsskydd kan uppnås när (1) kryptovaluta förvärvats, (2) den anförtrotts en mellanman och (3) den pantsatts som säkerhet för en kredit.

Problematiken med kryptovaluta... (More)
Digitalisering och ny teknik möjliggör helt nya sätt för representation av ekonomiska värden. Utanför den traditionella egendomssfären kan idag stora tillgångar hittas. Det kanske vanligaste exemplet på sådana tillgångar är kryptovalutor.

Likt alla andra ekonomiska värden, kan en konflikt över vem som har bäst rätt till kryptovalutan uppkomma – den kan bli föremål för en sakrättslig frågeställning. Den här uppsatsen undersöker vad kryptovaluta egentligen är, faktiskt och förmögenhetsrättsligt. Mot bakgrund av detta utreds vissa sakrättsliga konflikter; hur borgenärsskydd kan uppnås när (1) kryptovaluta förvärvats, (2) den anförtrotts en mellanman och (3) den pantsatts som säkerhet för en kredit.

Problematiken med kryptovaluta grundar sig här i att den tekniska utvecklingen går fortare än den rättsliga, varpå frågan uppkommer hur ett nytt tekniskt fenomen ska bedömas rättsligt. Kryptovalutor och blockkedjor sätts in i ett regelverk som tillkommit i en verklighet helt främmande för dessa skapelser. Ett ägande av kryptovaluta innebär endast ensam kontroll över de till kryptovalutan kopplade kryptonycklarna. Svårigheterna med att bedöma detta sakrättsligt ligger i att den sakrättsliga lösningen erfordrar att äganderätt till viss egendom kan manifesteras och identifieras. För fysisk egendom görs detta som utgångspunkt genom att studera rent fysiska förhållanden, medan icke-fysisk egendom påkallar andra lösningar.

Ett första problem som uppdagas är huruvida kryptovaluta som sådan ens kan vara föremål för sakrättslig konkurrens. Det har hävdats att eftersom sakrättsligt skydd inte kan ges till vilken nyttighet som helst, kryptovaluta är att bedöma som en rent inomobligatorisk företeelse. För att en icke-fysisk tillgång ska kunna erkännas och skyddas av rättsordningen, krävs det att föreställningen om dess värde blir tillräckligt hög och allmän. I uppsatsen redogörs dock för flertalet omständigheter som tyder på att kryptovaluta har en sådan acceptans. Med tanke på hur utbrett kryptovaluta är, vore det att undergräva tredjemansskyddet om rättsordningen inte tog till sig föreställningen om dess värde.

Kryptovaluta är en rättsfigur svårjämförlig med annan icke-fysisk egendom, såsom fordringar, finansiella instrument eller immaterialrätter. I doktrin är åsikten att den är ett s.k. sui generis, en egendom i sitt eget slag.

Närmare till hands ligger en jämförelse med traditionella pengar. Detta är dock fysisk egendom, men i praxis och doktrin går det att skönja tydliga spår av teknikneutralitet och likabehandling mellan icke-fysiska företeelser och egendom som har en representationsform vi är mer vana vid. Bl.a. har kontopengar behandlats som om det vore fysiska kontanter och löpande skuldebrev har ansetts kunna existera i elektronisk form under förutsättning att den tekniska lösningen kan upprätthålla de skyddsändamål som skuldebrevslagens regler är avsedda att skydda. Med detta stämmer den i soft law förekommande principen om funktionell likvärdighet bra överens; om en teknisk lösning kan säkerställa förhållanden på ett sätt som motsvarar en fysisk handling, bör samma rättsliga effekter kunna uppnås.

I ljuset av denna likabehandling kan den tekniska lösningen kryptovaluta bygger på – blockkedjeprotokollet – anses vara likvärdig en hantering av fysiska objekt. Protokollets regler möjliggör exklusiv kontroll och förhindrar dubbelspendering. Det erbjuder vidare fullgoda möjligheter till särskiljande och identifikation.

Vad gäller sakrättsligt moment är följaktligen slutsatsen att ett rådighetsavskärande genom en transaktion i blockkedjan bör vara nödvändigt och tillräckligt för att uppnå borgenärsskydd till förvärvad kryptovaluta. Om transaktionen validerats av nätverket, och denna inte längre kan återtas ensidigt, har den exklusiva kontrollen över kryptovalutan överförts till förvärvaren.

Beträffande bibehållen äganderätt i en mellanmansrelation kan kryptovaluta hållas avskild och identifieras genom att separata nyckelpar används. Med anledning av dess fungibilitet finns risk för sammanblandning med annan kryptovaluta, men den sakrättsliga identiteten bör gå att återskapas genom en analog tillämpning av lagen om redovisningsmedel.

När det kommer till förmånsrätt vid panträtt kan – mot bakgrund av slutsatserna om funktionell likvärdighet – rådigheten över kryptovalutan avskäras pantsättaren och pantobjektet identifieras. Det bör alltså vara möjligt att åstadkomma en sakrättsligt fullbordad handpantsättning av kryptovaluta. (Less)
Abstract
Digitalization and new technology enable whole new ways of representation of economic values. Today, large assets can be found outside the traditional property sphere. The perhaps most common example of such assets are cryptocurrencies.

Like all other economic values, a conflict regarding who has the better claim to the cryptocurrency may occur – it can be subject to a question of a right in rem. This essay examines what cryptocurrency actually is, factually as well as in the context of property law. Based on the outcome of this, certain conflicts on property are studied; how protection from creditors can be achieved when cryptocurrency is (1) acquired, (2) entrusted an agent and (3) pledged as credit security.

In this matter, the... (More)
Digitalization and new technology enable whole new ways of representation of economic values. Today, large assets can be found outside the traditional property sphere. The perhaps most common example of such assets are cryptocurrencies.

Like all other economic values, a conflict regarding who has the better claim to the cryptocurrency may occur – it can be subject to a question of a right in rem. This essay examines what cryptocurrency actually is, factually as well as in the context of property law. Based on the outcome of this, certain conflicts on property are studied; how protection from creditors can be achieved when cryptocurrency is (1) acquired, (2) entrusted an agent and (3) pledged as credit security.

In this matter, the problem with cryptocurrency is that the pace of technological development is too fast for the legal system to keep up with, whereon the question arises as to how a new technological phenomenon should be dealt with legally. Cryptocurrencies and blockchains are put into a legal framework created in a reality completely unfamiliar with such concepts. Owning cryptocurrency only means sole control over the keys connected to it. The difficulties regarding rights in rem lie with the solution of the property conflict requiring manifestation and identification of ownership. As for tangibles, this can be solved by the studying of purely physical circumstances, while intangibles call for other solutions.

A first issue to be revealed is whether cryptocurrency as such even can be the subject of a rights in rem conflict. Arguments have been laid out saying that since such protection cannot be granted every utility there is, cryptocurrency is to be viewed as a purely contractual concept. For an intangible asset to be recognized and protected by the legal system, a requirement is that the conception of its value reaches a certain level of universality. The essay however, sets out several factors indicating cryptocurrency has reached such acceptance. Considering the wide spread of cryptocurrency in society, it would undermine third party protection, should the legal system not recognize the conception of its value.

Cryptocurrency is in a context of property law difficult to compare with other intangibles, such as receivables, financial instruments or intellectual property. In judicial literature, it is viewed as a sui generis, a unique type of property.

Closer at hand is a comparison with traditional money. Even though, that being tangible, case law and literature discern clear ambitions of technique neutrality and equal treatment of non-material objects and property with a physical shape to which we are more accustomed. For instance, electronic money has been treated as if it were material bills and coins and negotiable debt instruments have been deemed able to exist electronically, provided the technological solution can maintain the purposes the Instruments of Debt Act aims to protect. This is coherent with the principle of functional equivalence found in soft law; if a technological solution is able to ensure conditions equal to a material record, corresponding legal effects should be granted.

In the light of this equal treatment, the technological solution on which cryptocurrency is based – the blockchain – can be considered equivalent the managing of tangibles. The rules of the protocol allow exclusive control and prohibits double spending. Furthermore, it offers appropriate means of distinguishing and identification.

Hence, when it comes to acquired cryptocurrency, the conclusion is that an interception of control through a transaction in the blockchain, should be necessary and sufficient to achieve protection from the seller’s creditors. If the transaction has been validated by the network, and it can no longer be withdrawn, the exclusive control over the cryptocurrency has been transferred to the buyer.

As for retained ownership when cryptocurrency has been entrusted an agent, the cryptocurrency can be held secluded and be identified by the using of separate pairs of keys. Given its fungibility, there is a risk of mixing with other’s cryptocurrency, but the identity should in that case be able to be recreated, per the use of an analogy with the Funds Accounting Act.

Regarding priority because of a pledge right may – given the conclusions on functional equivalence – the control over cryptocurrency be intercepted and the object of pledge identified. Thus, it should be possible to accomplish a right in rem with pledged cryptocurrency. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Andersson, Ludvig LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Of protecting cryptocurrency from creditors
course
JURM02 20192
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
sakrätt, kryptovaluta, bitcoin, borgenärsskydd, functional equivalence, funktionell likvärdighet, icke-fysisk egendom, IT-rätt
language
Swedish
id
9000379
date added to LUP
2020-01-28 09:32:44
date last changed
2020-01-28 09:32:44
@misc{9000379,
  abstract     = {{Digitalization and new technology enable whole new ways of representation of economic values. Today, large assets can be found outside the traditional property sphere. The perhaps most common example of such assets are cryptocurrencies. 

Like all other economic values, a conflict regarding who has the better claim to the cryptocurrency may occur – it can be subject to a question of a right in rem. This essay examines what cryptocurrency actually is, factually as well as in the context of property law. Based on the outcome of this, certain conflicts on property are studied; how protection from creditors can be achieved when cryptocurrency is (1) acquired, (2) entrusted an agent and (3) pledged as credit security. 

In this matter, the problem with cryptocurrency is that the pace of technological development is too fast for the legal system to keep up with, whereon the question arises as to how a new technological phenomenon should be dealt with legally. Cryptocurrencies and blockchains are put into a legal framework created in a reality completely unfamiliar with such concepts. Owning cryptocurrency only means sole control over the keys connected to it. The difficulties regarding rights in rem lie with the solution of the property conflict requiring manifestation and identification of ownership. As for tangibles, this can be solved by the studying of purely physical circumstances, while intangibles call for other solutions. 

A first issue to be revealed is whether cryptocurrency as such even can be the subject of a rights in rem conflict. Arguments have been laid out saying that since such protection cannot be granted every utility there is, cryptocurrency is to be viewed as a purely contractual concept. For an intangible asset to be recognized and protected by the legal system, a requirement is that the conception of its value reaches a certain level of universality. The essay however, sets out several factors indicating cryptocurrency has reached such acceptance. Considering the wide spread of cryptocurrency in society, it would undermine third party protection, should the legal system not recognize the conception of its value. 

Cryptocurrency is in a context of property law difficult to compare with other intangibles, such as receivables, financial instruments or intellectual property. In judicial literature, it is viewed as a sui generis, a unique type of property. 

Closer at hand is a comparison with traditional money. Even though, that being tangible, case law and literature discern clear ambitions of technique neutrality and equal treatment of non-material objects and property with a physical shape to which we are more accustomed. For instance, electronic money has been treated as if it were material bills and coins and negotiable debt instruments have been deemed able to exist electronically, provided the technological solution can maintain the purposes the Instruments of Debt Act aims to protect. This is coherent with the principle of functional equivalence found in soft law; if a technological solution is able to ensure conditions equal to a material record, corresponding legal effects should be granted. 

In the light of this equal treatment, the technological solution on which cryptocurrency is based – the blockchain – can be considered equivalent the managing of tangibles. The rules of the protocol allow exclusive control and prohibits double spending. Furthermore, it offers appropriate means of distinguishing and identification. 

Hence, when it comes to acquired cryptocurrency, the conclusion is that an interception of control through a transaction in the blockchain, should be necessary and sufficient to achieve protection from the seller’s creditors. If the transaction has been validated by the network, and it can no longer be withdrawn, the exclusive control over the cryptocurrency has been transferred to the buyer. 

As for retained ownership when cryptocurrency has been entrusted an agent, the cryptocurrency can be held secluded and be identified by the using of separate pairs of keys. Given its fungibility, there is a risk of mixing with other’s cryptocurrency, but the identity should in that case be able to be recreated, per the use of an analogy with the Funds Accounting Act. 

Regarding priority because of a pledge right may – given the conclusions on functional equivalence – the control over cryptocurrency be intercepted and the object of pledge identified. Thus, it should be possible to accomplish a right in rem with pledged cryptocurrency.}},
  author       = {{Andersson, Ludvig}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Om borgenärsskydd till kryptovaluta}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}