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Ryms det anticipatoriska självförsvaret inom ramen för en tredje stats suveränitet?

Krvavac, Isabella LU (2020) LAGF03 20201
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
The year 2020 started with Soleimani, the Iranian general, being killed in an American drone attack. The attack raised the question of anticipatory self-defence and its legitimacy, which has been a controversial subject ever since the time of Hugo Grotius.

The prohibition of the use of force in art. 2(4) of the UN Charter is the basis of all international conflicts, but some use of force can be justified in situations of self-defence. The characteristics of an exception indicate a restrictive application of self-defence. While the legality of anticipatory self-defence requires an extensive interpretation, as the point in time of the use of force is set to an anticipated armed attack. Self-defence through extraterritorial drone attacks... (More)
The year 2020 started with Soleimani, the Iranian general, being killed in an American drone attack. The attack raised the question of anticipatory self-defence and its legitimacy, which has been a controversial subject ever since the time of Hugo Grotius.

The prohibition of the use of force in art. 2(4) of the UN Charter is the basis of all international conflicts, but some use of force can be justified in situations of self-defence. The characteristics of an exception indicate a restrictive application of self-defence. While the legality of anticipatory self-defence requires an extensive interpretation, as the point in time of the use of force is set to an anticipated armed attack. Self-defence through extraterritorial drone attacks also implies a cross-border element, which means that self-defence is dependent on another state’s sovereignty.

International customary law and art. 51 of the UN Charter determines that the doctrine of anticipatory self-defence can be considered applicable law. The Nicaragua case concludes that states have an inherent right to self-defence, as of its customary standing. Furthermore, the principles of necessity, proportionality and immediacy emerge from customary law. The legality of anticipatory self-defence requires that an armed attack, or at least the threat of an armed attack, is imminent. The condition interacts with the customary principles, as the action of self-defence needs to be immediate about the attack.

In a conflict between states self-defence can be practiced on the territory of a third state. Targeted killings through drone attacks can amount to anticipatory self-defence in breach of the prohibition of the use of force, the principle on non-intervention and the principle of sovereignty. Therefore, the victim state’s self-defence needs to be justified following the customary principles of necessity, proportionality and immediacy. A third state's position in a conflict also affects the other state's right to self-defence, as anticipatory self-defence fits within the limits of a third state's sovereignty. A consenting third state always affects the right of self-defence, which is also true if a state has not taken a stance in the conflict or is neutral and unable or unwilling to prevent an aggressor state from operating its territory. In these circumstances a victim state is not in breach of the fundamental principles in international law – in regard to the third state. The action of anticipatory self-defence still needs to be justified following the customary principles, however only in concern to the aggressor state. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
År 2020 inleddes med att den iranska generalen Soleimani dödades i en amerikansk drönarattack. Attacken lyfte frågan om det ständigt aktuella anticipatoriska självförsvaret och dess legitimitet, vilket har varit ett kontroversiellt ämne sedan Hugo Grotius tid.

Det allmänna våldsförbudet i art. 2(4) FN-stadgan är utgångspunkten för alla internationella konflikter, men ett visst våld kan rättfärdigas i självförsvarssituationer. Kännetecknande för undantagsregler är att de tillämpas restriktivt. Det anticipatoriska självförsvarets legalitet kräver dock en extensiv tolkning av självförsvar, då tidpunkten för våld flyttas fram till en förväntad väpnad attack. Självförsvar genom extraterritoriella drönarattacker innebär också ett... (More)
År 2020 inleddes med att den iranska generalen Soleimani dödades i en amerikansk drönarattack. Attacken lyfte frågan om det ständigt aktuella anticipatoriska självförsvaret och dess legitimitet, vilket har varit ett kontroversiellt ämne sedan Hugo Grotius tid.

Det allmänna våldsförbudet i art. 2(4) FN-stadgan är utgångspunkten för alla internationella konflikter, men ett visst våld kan rättfärdigas i självförsvarssituationer. Kännetecknande för undantagsregler är att de tillämpas restriktivt. Det anticipatoriska självförsvarets legalitet kräver dock en extensiv tolkning av självförsvar, då tidpunkten för våld flyttas fram till en förväntad väpnad attack. Självförsvar genom extraterritoriella drönarattacker innebär också ett gränsöverskridande, vilket betyder att självförsvarsrätten villkoras en annan stats suveränitet.

Internationell sedvanerätt och art. 51 FN-stadgan fastställer att doktrinen om anticipatoriskt självförsvar kan anses utgöra gällande rätt. I avgörandet Nicaragua konstateras staters inneboende rätt till självförsvar och dess sedvanerättsliga status. Ytterligare framkommer även principerna om nödvändighet, proportionalitet och omedelbarhet från sedvanerätten. För självförsvarets legalitet krävs att det väpnade angreppet, eller åtminstone hot om angrepp, är överhängande. Kravet samspelar med de sedvanerättsliga principerna, eftersom självförsvarsåtgärden bör ske i omedelbar anslutning till angreppet.

I en konflikt mellan stater kan självförsvar utövas på en tredje stats territorium. Targeted killings genom drönarattacker kan utgöra anticipatoriskt självförsvar som står i strid med det allmänna våldsförbudet, non-interventions- och suveränitetsprincipen. En offerstats självförsvar måste således alltid kunna rättfärdigas i enlighet med de sedvanerättsliga principerna om nödvändighet, proportionalitet och omedelbarhet. Beroende på en tredje stats ställning i konflikten så påverkas även offerstatens självförsvar, vilket följer av att det anticipatoriska självförsvaret ryms inom en tredje stats suveränitet. Om en tredje stat samtycker till en attack så påverkas alltid självförsvarsrätten, samt om en stat som inte har tagit ställning i konflikten eller är neutral också anses oförmögen eller ovillig att hindra angreppsstaten från att operera på territoriet. I dessa fall bryter offerstatens självförsvar inte mot de grundläggande principerna inom folkrätten – i förhållande till den tredje staten. Självförsvarsåtgärden måste fortfarande rättfärdigas med hänsyn till de sedvanerättsliga principerna, dock endast i förhållande till angreppsstaten. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Krvavac, Isabella LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20201
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
Folkrätt, anticipatoriskt självförsvar, självförsvar, suveränitet, tredje stat, territorialstat, jus ad bellum.
language
Swedish
id
9010548
date added to LUP
2020-09-17 10:52:57
date last changed
2020-09-17 10:52:57
@misc{9010548,
  abstract     = {{The year 2020 started with Soleimani, the Iranian general, being killed in an American drone attack. The attack raised the question of anticipatory self-defence and its legitimacy, which has been a controversial subject ever since the time of Hugo Grotius.

The prohibition of the use of force in art. 2(4) of the UN Charter is the basis of all international conflicts, but some use of force can be justified in situations of self-defence. The characteristics of an exception indicate a restrictive application of self-defence. While the legality of anticipatory self-defence requires an extensive interpretation, as the point in time of the use of force is set to an anticipated armed attack. Self-defence through extraterritorial drone attacks also implies a cross-border element, which means that self-defence is dependent on another state’s sovereignty. 

International customary law and art. 51 of the UN Charter determines that the doctrine of anticipatory self-defence can be considered applicable law. The Nicaragua case concludes that states have an inherent right to self-defence, as of its customary standing. Furthermore, the principles of necessity, proportionality and immediacy emerge from customary law. The legality of anticipatory self-defence requires that an armed attack, or at least the threat of an armed attack, is imminent. The condition interacts with the customary principles, as the action of self-defence needs to be immediate about the attack.

In a conflict between states self-defence can be practiced on the territory of a third state. Targeted killings through drone attacks can amount to anticipatory self-defence in breach of the prohibition of the use of force, the principle on non-intervention and the principle of sovereignty. Therefore, the victim state’s self-defence needs to be justified following the customary principles of necessity, proportionality and immediacy. A third state's position in a conflict also affects the other state's right to self-defence, as anticipatory self-defence fits within the limits of a third state's sovereignty. A consenting third state always affects the right of self-defence, which is also true if a state has not taken a stance in the conflict or is neutral and unable or unwilling to prevent an aggressor state from operating its territory. In these circumstances a victim state is not in breach of the fundamental principles in international law – in regard to the third state. The action of anticipatory self-defence still needs to be justified following the customary principles, however only in concern to the aggressor state.}},
  author       = {{Krvavac, Isabella}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Ryms det anticipatoriska självförsvaret inom ramen för en tredje stats suveränitet?}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}