Skip to main content

LUP Student Papers

LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Kapacitet i järnvägstrafiken - en fallstudie om tågens avvikelser från tidtabellen

Lind, Anne LU (2020) MTTM05 20201
Engineering Logistics
Department of Industrial Management and Logistics
Abstract (Swedish)
Tidtabeller är nyckeln för att utnyttja den tillgängliga kapaciteten på järnvägen på ett optimalt sätt. I Sverige är det Trafikverket som tilldelar kapacitet genom att årligen ta fram en tågplan som specificerar alla tåg som ska framföras det kommande året. Att ta fram tågplanen är en komplex uppgift som försvåras av infrastrukturens begränsningar och att alla aktörer är beroende av varandra. När tågplanen konstrueras måste avvägningar göras mellan effektivitet, i form av korta körtider, och robusthet, definierat som förmågan att återhämta sig från mindre störningar. Hur tågplanen konstrueras påverkar också punktligheten. Punktlighet mäts vanligtvis som andelen tåg som ankommer till sin slutstation inom en viss tid efter sin planerade... (More)
Tidtabeller är nyckeln för att utnyttja den tillgängliga kapaciteten på järnvägen på ett optimalt sätt. I Sverige är det Trafikverket som tilldelar kapacitet genom att årligen ta fram en tågplan som specificerar alla tåg som ska framföras det kommande året. Att ta fram tågplanen är en komplex uppgift som försvåras av infrastrukturens begränsningar och att alla aktörer är beroende av varandra. När tågplanen konstrueras måste avvägningar göras mellan effektivitet, i form av korta körtider, och robusthet, definierat som förmågan att återhämta sig från mindre störningar. Hur tågplanen konstrueras påverkar också punktligheten. Punktlighet mäts vanligtvis som andelen tåg som ankommer till sin slutstation inom en viss tid efter sin planerade ankomsttid, och är ett av de viktigaste måtten för uppföljning av järnvägstrafik.

Under året som tågplanen gäller sker många ändringar i trafiken, som leder till olika typer av avvikelser från planen. Punktlighetsmåttet fångar upp de tåg som avviker från tågplanen i form av att de framförs efter sina planerade tidtabeller. Det visar dock inte andelen tåg som framförs före tidtabellen, vilket är en vanlig avvikelse för godståg. Dessutom förekommer det att tåg ställs in och anordnas efter att tågplanen fastställts. Resultatet är att kapaciteten i järnvägsnätet inte används på det sätt som planerats, vilket innebär ökade kostnader för såväl Trafikverket som järnvägsföretagen.

I den här studien undersöks orsakerna till avvikelserna från tågplanen, hur avvikelserna och orsakerna relaterar till Trafikverkets process för kapacitetstilldelning och vad som kan förändras i processen för att minska effekterna av avvikelserna. Detta görs genom en enfallsstudie som fokuserar på Trafikverkets process för kapacitetstilldelning. I studien analyseras kvantitativa data från Trafikverkets uppföljnings- och ansökningssystem för godståg på sträckan Malmö – Hallsberg under tågplan 2019. Dessutom samlas kvalitativa data genom intervjuer med anställda på Trafikverket och järnvägsföretag som kör godstrafik.

Studien visar att de fyra typerna av avvikelser, sena, tidiga, inställda och anordnade tåg, har många bakomliggande orsaker. Förseningar uppstår ofta på grund av orsaker som inte beror på kapacitetstilldelningsprocessen, till exempel att tåg anländer sent från utlandet eller att det uppstår fel i infrastrukturen. Att tåg framförs tidigt beror till stor del på att uppehåll som är planerade i tidtabellen inte används i praktiken, men det förekommer också att tågen håller en högre hastighet än planerat. Majoriteten av de inställda tågen uppkommer som följd av olika typer av produktionsanpassning hos järnvägsföretagen. Dessutom sker en del anpassningar till banarbeten som resulterar i både inställda och anordnade tåg. Vidare visar studien att det finns kopplingar mellan avvikelser, till exempel genom att tidsavvikelser hos framförd trafik sprids vid associationer, så att ett sent eller tidigt tåg leder till ett nytt sent respektive tidigt tåg. Ytterligare ett exempel är att uteblivna uppehåll, som medför tidiga tåg, ofta är resultat av att andra tåg är sena, tidiga eller inställda.

För att minska effekterna av avvikelserna behövs ett bättre samarbete i flera olika delar av processen för kapacitetstilldelning, såväl inom Trafikverket som mellan Trafikverket och järnvägsföretag. Dessutom bör Trafikverket justera hur prioriteringen mellan gods- och persontåg görs, både när tågplanen tas fram och när trafiken framförs i praktiken. Det behövs också en ökad förståelse och kunskap om skillnaderna mellan godståg och persontåg och större hänsyn till de skillnaderna bör tas i alla delar av processen för kapacitetstilldelning, från att tågplanen tas fram till att trafiken framförs. Slutligen rekommenderas mer utvecklade mått för prestationsmätning för att förenkla vidare arbete med att minska effekterna av avvikelserna. (Less)
Abstract
Timetables are the key to utilizing the capacity on the railway in an optimal way. In Sweden, the Swedish Transport Administration, Trafikverket, makes the allocation of capacity. It is done by preparing an annual timetable specifying all trains that will run the following year. Creating the annual timetable is a complex task made difficult by limitations in the infrastructure and because all actors are dependent on each other. When the annual timetable is made, a balance between efficiency, in terms of short running times, and robustness, defined as the ability to recover from small disruptions, must be found. The annual timetable also affects the punctuality. Punctuality is usually measured as the share of trains that arrive to their... (More)
Timetables are the key to utilizing the capacity on the railway in an optimal way. In Sweden, the Swedish Transport Administration, Trafikverket, makes the allocation of capacity. It is done by preparing an annual timetable specifying all trains that will run the following year. Creating the annual timetable is a complex task made difficult by limitations in the infrastructure and because all actors are dependent on each other. When the annual timetable is made, a balance between efficiency, in terms of short running times, and robustness, defined as the ability to recover from small disruptions, must be found. The annual timetable also affects the punctuality. Punctuality is usually measured as the share of trains that arrive to their final destination within a specified time after the scheduled arrival time, and is one of the most important metrics for monitoring railway traffic.

During the year when the annual timetable is in effect, many changes occur, leading to deviations from the plan. Measuring punctuality shows the trains that deviate from the timetable by running after their scheduled timetables. However, the metric does not show the share of trains running ahead of schedule, which is a common deviation for freight trains. Furthermore, trains can be cancelled or added after the annual timetable is established. This results in the capacity not being used as planned, which entails increased costs for both the Swedish Transport Administration and the railway undertakings.

This study investigates the causes for the deviations from the annual timetable, how the deviations and causes relate to the process of allocating capacity and how the process can be changed to reduce the effects of the deviations. This is done through a single-case study focusing on the process of allocating capacity at the Swedish Transport Administration. The analysis is based on quantitative data from monitoring and application systems for freight trains running between Malmö and Hallsberg in the annual timetable for 2019, together with qualitative data from interviews with employees at the Swedish Transport Administration and railway undertakings operating freight traffic.

The study shows that the four types of deviations – late, early, cancelled and added trains – have many underlying causes. The causes of delays are usually unrelated to the allocation of capacity, such as late arrivals from abroad or infrastructure failures. Trains running early is often a result of scheduled stops that are not used when the trains run. There are also trains running faster than planned for in the timetable. Most of the cancellations occurs on the railway undertakings’ initiatives as a way of detailed production planning. Additionally, some adaptations to track work have to be made after the annual timetable is established, resulting in both cancelled and added trains. Furthermore, the study shows that there are connections between deviations, for example when time deviations are spread between associated trains, such as one late or early train resulting in a new late or early train respectively. Another example is that the non-used scheduled stops, leading to trains running early, often is a result of other trains being cancelled, or running late or early.

To reduce the effects of the deviations, an increased cooperation in multiple parts of the capacity allocation process is needed, both within the Swedish Transport Administration and between the Swedish Transport Administration and the railway undertakings. In addition to that, the Swedish Transport Administration needs to adjust the prioritization between freight and passenger trains, both when the annual timetable is prepared and when the traffic runs. A deeper understanding and knowledge of the differences between freight trains and passenger trains is also needed, and more consideration needs to be taken to these differences in all parts of the capacity allocation process, from creating the annual timetable until the traffic is actually running. Finally, more developed performance indicators are suggested to simplify further work regarding the deviations and their causes and effects. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Lind, Anne LU
supervisor
organization
course
MTTM05 20201
year
type
H2 - Master's Degree (Two Years)
subject
keywords
godståg, tågplan, tidtabell, järnväg, avvikelse
report number
5919
language
Swedish
id
9018103
date added to LUP
2020-06-17 13:32:53
date last changed
2020-06-17 13:32:53
@misc{9018103,
  abstract     = {{Timetables are the key to utilizing the capacity on the railway in an optimal way. In Sweden, the Swedish Transport Administration, Trafikverket, makes the allocation of capacity. It is done by preparing an annual timetable specifying all trains that will run the following year. Creating the annual timetable is a complex task made difficult by limitations in the infrastructure and because all actors are dependent on each other. When the annual timetable is made, a balance between efficiency, in terms of short running times, and robustness, defined as the ability to recover from small disruptions, must be found. The annual timetable also affects the punctuality. Punctuality is usually measured as the share of trains that arrive to their final destination within a specified time after the scheduled arrival time, and is one of the most important metrics for monitoring railway traffic.

During the year when the annual timetable is in effect, many changes occur, leading to deviations from the plan. Measuring punctuality shows the trains that deviate from the timetable by running after their scheduled timetables. However, the metric does not show the share of trains running ahead of schedule, which is a common deviation for freight trains. Furthermore, trains can be cancelled or added after the annual timetable is established. This results in the capacity not being used as planned, which entails increased costs for both the Swedish Transport Administration and the railway undertakings. 

This study investigates the causes for the deviations from the annual timetable, how the deviations and causes relate to the process of allocating capacity and how the process can be changed to reduce the effects of the deviations. This is done through a single-case study focusing on the process of allocating capacity at the Swedish Transport Administration. The analysis is based on quantitative data from monitoring and application systems for freight trains running between Malmö and Hallsberg in the annual timetable for 2019, together with qualitative data from interviews with employees at the Swedish Transport Administration and railway undertakings operating freight traffic.

The study shows that the four types of deviations – late, early, cancelled and added trains – have many underlying causes. The causes of delays are usually unrelated to the allocation of capacity, such as late arrivals from abroad or infrastructure failures. Trains running early is often a result of scheduled stops that are not used when the trains run. There are also trains running faster than planned for in the timetable. Most of the cancellations occurs on the railway undertakings’ initiatives as a way of detailed production planning. Additionally, some adaptations to track work have to be made after the annual timetable is established, resulting in both cancelled and added trains. Furthermore, the study shows that there are connections between deviations, for example when time deviations are spread between associated trains, such as one late or early train resulting in a new late or early train respectively. Another example is that the non-used scheduled stops, leading to trains running early, often is a result of other trains being cancelled, or running late or early.

To reduce the effects of the deviations, an increased cooperation in multiple parts of the capacity allocation process is needed, both within the Swedish Transport Administration and between the Swedish Transport Administration and the railway undertakings. In addition to that, the Swedish Transport Administration needs to adjust the prioritization between freight and passenger trains, both when the annual timetable is prepared and when the traffic runs. A deeper understanding and knowledge of the differences between freight trains and passenger trains is also needed, and more consideration needs to be taken to these differences in all parts of the capacity allocation process, from creating the annual timetable until the traffic is actually running. Finally, more developed performance indicators are suggested to simplify further work regarding the deviations and their causes and effects.}},
  author       = {{Lind, Anne}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Kapacitet i järnvägstrafiken - en fallstudie om tågens avvikelser från tidtabellen}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}